
Qass r//2/// 
Book • ■ , '-" 



a 
A GEAMMAE 



OF THE 



HUNGARIAN LANGUAGE, 

WITH 

APPKOPRIATE EXEECISES, A COPIOUS 
VOCABULARY, 

AND 

Specimens of f^uttaarian ^oetrg. 



SIGISMUND WEKEY, 



LATE AIDE-DE-CAMP TO KOSSUTH. 




LONDON : 

TRELAWNY SAUNDERS, 6, CHARING CROSS. 
XEV" YORK: JOHN WILEY, PARK PLACE. 

1852. 



, 



t 



LOW D 

. ( | IH\Ulili i 1 1 I 

a R i n i.n>. 



/ 



LORD DUDLEY COUTTS STUART, M.P., 

ETC., ETC., ETC., 

THE ZEALOUS AND GENEROUS FRIEND OF 
THE OPPRESSED, 

THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED, 



THE AUTHOR. 



PREFACE. 



A nation n iy be said to live in its language, which is 
at once the ithful exponent of its characteristic features, 
and the sure safeguard of its independence. Misfortune 
or foreign oppression may weigh upon a people and 
crush its energies but so long as a country's language 
remains, its nation 1 traces can never be obliterated. 

No work, I "jel eve, has yet appeared in English, 
treating of the T r guage of my country, and I have 
gladly occupied a portion of my leisure time during 
my residence here in writing this little book, hoping 
thereby to turn misfortune, in some measure, to a useful 
account, by introducing a knowledge of the Magyar 
language and literature to this favoured and hospitable 
Nation. 






\ ill PREP w i 

A satisfactory information of the character and origi- 
nality of my nation must be sought through her language. 
The Magyar tongue is the key to the heart of the Magyar 
people. It lias been my aim, therefore, to present to the 
Rnglifth reader a clear and simple exposition of the struc- 
ture and principles of the Language. I have added a few 
lyrical pieces, which may serve to convey some idea of 
the sentiments of the later popular poetry of Hungary, 
and tend to spread a truer appreciation of the heart of 
the people 1 , who treasure these songs with enthusiastic 
attachment. 



s. w. 



London, 
April 12**, 1852. 



CONTENTS, 



Page. 

Introductory Remarks .... 1 



CHAPTEE I. 

The Alphabet ..... 4 

The Article ...... 6 

Nouns ...... 6 

Hard-sounding Nouns . . . .7 

Soft- sounding Nouns .... 7 

Declension of Nouns . . . .7 



CHAPTEE II. 

Adjectives ..... 9 

Comparison of Adjectives . . . .10 

CHAPTEE III. 

Numbers ...... 12 

Cardinal Numbers . . . . .12 

Ordinal Numbers ..... 13 

Multiplicative Numbers . . . .14 

Distributive Numbers .... 14 

Indefinitive Numbers . . . .15 




CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER IV. 

Page. 

Pronoi ns . . . . . .15 

Personal Pronouns .... 15 

Reciprocal Pronouns . . . . .16 

Possessive Pronouns .... 16 

Exercises ow the Possessive Pronouns . . 19 

Relative Pronouns .... 20 

Demonstrative Pronouns . . . .21 

[ndeterminate Pronouns .... 21 



OHAPTEK V. 

Tin: Auxiliary Verb . . . .22 

Conjugation of the verb Lenni, to be . . 22 

Conjugation of the verb Lenni in the sense of "to 
become" . . . . . .24 

( conjugation of Lenni in the sense of " to have" . 27 

Exercises on the verb Lenni in its various significa- 
tions . . . . . .28 



CHAPTEE VI. 

Ivij.i lab Verbs . . . . .81 

Conjugation of Active Verbs ... 32 

The Passive Voice . . . .40 

Conjugation of Passive Verbs ... 41 

Neuter Verba . . . . . .44 

Conjugation of Neuter Verbs ... 45 

Exercises on A.ctive Verbs . . . .47 



CONTENTS. XI 



CHAPTER VII. 

Page. 

Irregular Verbs .... 50 

Conjugation of Irregular Verbs . . .50 

Impersonal Verbs .... 53 



CHAPTER VIII. 

Postpositions . . . . .54 

Separate Postpositions ... 56 

CHAPTEE IX. 

Adverbs . . . . . .59 

CHAPTER X. 
Conjunctions ..... 60 

CHAPTER XI. 
Interjections . . . . .61 



Familiar Dialogues .... 61 

Syntax . . . . . .78 

Remarks on the Orthography ... 88 

Explanation of Grammatical Terms of Latin 
Origin . . . . . .88 



\n CONTENTS. 

Page. 
PBO&BX88IVX READING BXEBCISES . . 90 

\ m i DOTES LND FABLES . . . .94 

Lettbbs ...... 102 

voc mu labi • ..... 108 

Military Expressions .... 121 

Christian Names ..... 122 

Names of Countries .... 123 

Poems. 

• An Appeal," by Vorosmarty . . . 124 
"My Death," by Pettffi ... 128 
- A rise, Hungarians!" by Petofi . . .130 
"My Songs," by Petofi ... 134 
"Kossuth" . . . . . .136 

• Apotheosis," by Bajza . . . 138 
" Farewell," by Baron Eotvos . . . 144 



THE 



HUNGARIAN LANGUAGE. 



INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 

Misfortune is the means by which the Hungarian 
nation, so long misrepresented, begins at last to be un- 
derstood. The Magyar language has hitherto had but 
a kind of mystical existence in the eyes of the Western 
nations. The vaguest ideas are entertained even by 
well-educated people, both with respect to its origin and 
to its present state. 

Language is the mirror of every nation, the history of 
its past and present days. The Magyar language, the 
only eastern idiom in Europe (if we except the Turkish), 
has been unjustly neglected by the linguists of the more 
civilized literary nations. Who will be indifferent to the 
fate of a people, whose language unites the bold figurative 
character of the East with the sobriety and exact- 
ness of the West ? Who can think the Magyars unfit for 
liberty, when enabled to form a just estimate of the rapid 
progress the Hungarian literature has made, in spite of 
Austrian censorship ? 

b 



2 THE HUNG i 

WV have only to com] the Turkish and 

Hungarian literature, to be struck by the intense intel- 
lectual power and progressive tendency of the mind of 
the Mag] ars, 

The Hungarian language cannot boasl of dramatic and 
epic works to be compared with the greal productions of 
Shakspeare and Milton ; but in the poetry of Kisfaludy, 
as well as in the more recent productions of Vorosmarty, 
Petofij and Garay, there are lyrics not inferior to the 
Qoble effusions of Burns, Campbell, and Moore. 

We need not remark how stripped of all its vigour and 
beauty Hungarian poetry must become in the dress of 
western languages. We have only to read a Byron in a 
French, or a Beranger in an English translation, to be 
struck with the difference between the original and a 
copy. How much greater must be the contrast and the 
inferiority, when the language of the poet and that of the 
translator have not only no common origin, but a radical 
difference of structure. 

Besides the peculiarity of uniting in itself the softness 
of the Italian, with a manly strength, and something of 
a warlike accent, the Hungarian language, in respect to 
the derivation of words, offers to the philologist a most 
interesting field of study and inquiry. As a proof of 
it-- logical and concise mode of derivation, the following 
example- may he given: — ad signifies to give; ado, 
that which i> to he given, ?. e. } a tax ; ados, he who is to 
give, /'. e. } ;i debtor; hat denotes a capacity, thus adhat 
to be able to give. Airain, el signifies away ; (dad there- 
fore means to -ell ; eladhat , to he able to give away, i. e., 

to -ell ; Ian. us ;i particle, implies a negative sense; thus 
<dadtiallan. thai which crmnot he given away, i. e., in- 



INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 6 

alienable. Various ideas are expressed by one root, 
which in modern languages are represented by half-a- 
dozen quite different words. 

As an additional proof of the richness of its derivations, 
it may be mentioned, that even technical expressions are 
found in actual native terms. 

Should the present work (as a first experiment) con- 
tribute to convey to those interested in Hungary a 
clearer idea of the real character of its oppressed people, 
the wishes of the author will be crowned with ample 
success. 



b 2 



: 



CHAPTER I. 

THE ALPHABET. 

The Hungarian alphabet consists of thirty-eight letters, 
fourteen of which are vowels. The vowels are divided 
into short and long ones, the latter being always 
accented. 

Future Corresponding sounds in English. 

A. a like o in not. 

V. a like a in for. 

B. 1) like b in oad. 

like ch in ric7*. 

( z. (•/ like ts, or the German z in zeit. 

D. d like d in do. 

B. e. like e in debt, met. 

E. v like a in dare. 

F. f. like/* in /ire. 

like g in yift. 

Gy. gy like d'ye, or the French di in dieu. 

\\. \\. like J in Save, Aarm. 

f. i. .. like tin h?'t, bet. 

I . i. like ee in deep. 

J. j. ..like ye in yes, ?/et. 

K . k. like h in JHrk. 



THE ALPHABET. 5 

L. 1 like I in Zand. 

Ly. ly like the Italian gl in egli. 

M. in like m in my. 

IS. n like n in now. 

IS j. ny like ne in new, or the French gn in 

ayweau. 

O.o like o in or. 

0.6 like ow in low. 

0.6 like the French eu in veu, but 

somewhat shorter. 

O.o like the French eu in heweuse. 

P. p like p in pen. 

R. r like r in rank. 

S. s like sh in sAeet, sAall. 

Sz. sz like s in sister. 

T. t like £ in table. 

Ty. ty like tfye. 

IT. u like u in Ml. 

IT. u like oo in room. 

U. u like the French u, somewhat shorter. 

U. u like the French u in vu. 

V. v like v in ^ow. 

Z. z like z in zeal. 

Zs. zs like s in confusion, or like the 

French j. 

Note. — There are no mute letters in the Hungarian 
language. The chief characteristic of the pronunciation 
is its distinctness. Words consisting of many syllables 
must be articulated as clearly and distinctly as if each 
syllable were a separate word. It may be likewise 
remarked, that in very few pure Hungarian words are to 
be found two different consonants in one syllable, that 
being contrary to the easy sound of the language. 



6 nil ARTICLE. 

Exercises in the pronunciation of short and long 
vowels, 

\ . the; ftr, pr&u ; kar, arm ; kar. damage; mar, already; 

mar. fo, fffo, ov if hif>s : £des, fuweJ ; szer, fooZ, means ; rem, 

94 -. ' ■ ■ r .- in. here ; Lv, 6010 ; sziv, //r^/7 ,• orr, nose ; 

«'»ra. loofci, Or hour: rone wreck ; ur, master, sir; ugar, 



THE ARTICLE. 

In Hungarian there is one indeclinable article for all 
genders and numbers, which is a definite one. The in- 
definite article is contrary to the idiom, but is in certain 
cases supplied by the word egy> one. 

The definite article is a } before a noun beginning with 
a consonant, and aZj before a noun beginning with a 
rowel. 



THE NOUNS. 

The declension of the Hungarian nouns takes place, 
m in other Eastern languages, by means of suffixes. 
The article remains in all cases unchangeable. 

Vote. Before we proceed to the declension of the 
KiounSj ire muat direct the attention of the learner to 
the nature of the rowels. The rowels 0, 0, u, are 



NOUNS. 



called the hard- sounding vowels, and e, i, o, u, the soft- 
sounding ones. The suffixes must always be of the 
same nature as the hard or soft vowels of the noun. 
The declension is as follows : — 

Example of the suffixes added to the Substantives. 

1. Hard-sounding Nouns. 
singular. plural. 

N. Obs. — The plural being 

Gr. nak formed by h or ah, takes 

D. nak the same suffixes as the 

A. 1, at, or ot. singular. 

2. Soft-sounding Nouns. 

singular. plural. 

N. Iu the plural the cases 

Gr. nek are the same. 

D. nek 

A. 1, et, or 6t. 

Declension. 

Hard-sounding Nouns. Soft-sounding Nouns. 

singular. singular. 

N. a haz, the house. N. a kert, the garden. 

Gr. a haznak, of the house. Gr. a kertnek, of the garden. 

D. a haznak, to the house. D. a kertnek, to the garden. 

A. a hazat, the house. A. a kertet, the garden. 

Note. — The possessive dative is formed by adding e 
to the noun; as ; hdz, house; haze, belonging to the 
house. 



B NOUN8. 






Obs. 1. The accusative case, as we have seen, is 
formed by adding to the nouns, according to their 
species, at or et. Nouns ending in a vowel, or in one 
of the following consonants, /, n, r, 8, sz, take only the 
i / . as, erdo, forest, ace. erdot; asztal, tabic, ace. 
asztali ; ember, man, ace. ember! ; ktis, meat, ace. 
hist, etc. 

p. :!. Nouns ending in the short a, e, become, 
in the declension, accented, and therefore Long; as, fa, 
tree, wood, will be in the genitive fdnak } ace. fat; teve, 
camel, /< V&u k etc. 

Some nouns take, in the accusative, V; as, 16, horse, 
ace. lovat; ho', stone, ace. /covet ; tlie v being added for 
the Bake of euphony. 

The Plural is formed by adding k, ok, or ok to the 
root of the hard-sounding, and k, ek, or ok to the root of 
tlu 1 Boft-sounding nouns. 

The cases of the plural are like those of the singular. 

Example. 

1 1 \ i; d-s< uMiixG. Soft-sounding. 

V ;i !i;i/;ik. the houses. N. a kertek, the gardens. 

( i. a hazaknak. of the houses. Gr. a kerteknek, of the gardens. 

I) ,i hazaknak. to the houses. D. a kerteknek, to the gardens. 

\. a hazakat, the houses. A. a kerteket, the gardens. 

Some nouns, as virdg, flower; kard, sword; take ok 
m the plural ; as, virdgok, kardok. 

Obs. 1. There are nouns taking, in the accusative 
singular, St, and nominative plural, 6k; as, list, kettle, 
Ustdt, iiom. plural Ustdk, kettles. 

Obs. !. In -onie nouns the vowel o is omitted in the 



ADJECTIVES. 9 

plural; as, dolog, the matter, plural, dolgok, and not 
dologok. 

Obs. 3. — In the modern language, the genitive nafc, 
nek, is omitted, being understood by the possessive 
suffix; as, az ember szive, the heart of man, and not 
az embernek szive. 



CHAPTER II. 

THE ADJECTIVE. 

The student will note a similarity of the Hungarian 
Adjective to the English, the same word being used 
for all genders, numbers, and cases. 

The Hungarian adjective, when it precedes a noun, 
is unaltered in all cases, but if it is used instead of a 
noun it is declined in the usual manner. 

Examples. 

jo, good; szabad, free; beteg, sick. 

a jo ember, the good man. 

a jo leany, the good girl. 

a jo embernek, of the good man. 

a jo leanynak, of the good girl. 

a szabad nep, the free people. 

a szabad nepnek, to the free people. 

a szabad ne^ok^the free peoples. 

a szabad nepeknek, of the free peoples. 

a beteg ember, the sick man. 

a beteg embereknek, of or to the sick man. 



10 



wur.i n\ r.s. 



The comparative degree is generally formed by adding 

hh it" the positive (Mills in a vowrl, and by adding abb or 

ebb if the last Letter of the positive is a consonant. 

Xote. — The learner must always observe the difference 
between hard and soft sounding words in regard to the 
suffixes. 

Ex LMPLES. 



POSITIVE. 
0lcs6, (■}/<<']>. 

tiszta, clean. 
fekete, black. 
gazdag, rich, 

>/.al>;nl. t /Wv\ 
fles, sharp. 
tudos. learned. 



COMPARATIVE. 

olesobb, cheaper. 
tisztabb, cleaner. 
feketebb, blacker. 
gazdagabb, richer. 
szabadabb, more free. 
elesebb, sharper. 
tudosabb, more learned. 



The superlative is formed by prefixing the syllable leg. 



POSITIVE. 

>/ahad. § /Wr. 

tfid6s, learned. 



be&eg, rick, 
li;it;il. young. 
oreg, old. 



Examples, 
comparative. 

*Ai\bn([iibb,morefree 
tudosabb, more 

learned, 
betegebb, moresich. 
Gatalabb, younger, 
< MM'Lr<d>l), elder. 



SUPERLATIVE. 

legszabadabb, most/. 
legtiidosabb, most 

learned. 
legbetegebb, most s. 
legfiat'dlabb, youngest 
legoregebb, eldest. 



Obs, I.— The rowel of the comparative may be 
Omitted after the consonant s; as, maga8 } high, com- 
parative magasbb or magasabb, higher; 61es > sharp, 
comparative ilesbb or 6lesebb y sharper \ but such an 
omission is contrary to the sound. 



ADJECTIVES. 



11 



Obs. 2. — Adjectives ending in a form the compara- 
tive by adding either bb, abb, or ebb ; as, szomoru, sad, 
comparative szomorubb or szomoruabb. 

The following adjectives are irregular in the formation 
of their comparatives : — 



POSITIVE. 



COMPAEATIVE. 

tobb, more. 
szebb, finer. 
hosszabb, longer. 
batrabb, braver. 



sok, much. 

szep,fine. 

hosszii, long. 

bator, brave. 

bo, wide, spacious, bovebb, wider. legbovebb, widest. 



SUPEELATIVE. 

legtobb, most. 
legszebb, finest. 
leghosszabb, longest. 
legbatrabb, bravest. 



ifju, young. 



if j abb, younger. legifjabb, youngest. 



Obs. — To give greater stress to the adjective, the fol- 
lowing words are made use of: — 1. Igen, very, or yes; 
as, igen jo ember, a very good man, or igen igenjd ember, 
an exceedingly good man. 2. The word sok is placed 
before an adjective in the comparative degree; thus, 
sokkal, with or by much, is used as follows : — gazdag, 
rich; sokkal gazdagabb, much richer, with or by much 
richer; szebb, finer; sokkal szebb, much finer. 3. To 
give a more emphatic sense to the superlative, the word 
leges is placed before it ; as, legszebb, the finest ; leges 
legszebb, the finest imaginable. 



12 



CHAPTER 111. 



OF NUMBERS. 



The Cardinal Numbers. 



1. 


egy. 


22. huszonketto. 


2. 


ketto. 


23. huszonharoni. 


3. 


lwirom. 


24. huszonnegy. 


4. 


lU'-V. 


25. huszondt. 


5. 


6t. 


26. huszouhat. 


6. 


hat. 


27. huszonlu't. 


7. 


lirt. 


28. huszonnyolcz. 


8. 


n j olcz. 


29. huszonkilencz. 


9. 


fcilencz. 


30. harmincz. 


10. 


ti/. 


31. harminczegy. 


11. 


fcizenegy, 


39. harminczkilencz. 


L2. 


tizenketto. 


40. negyven. 


13. 


fcizenMrom. 


50. otven. 


1 1. 


i izenn£gy. 


60. hatvan. 


L5. 


1 izenot. 


70. hetven. 


L6. 


tdzenhat. 


80. nyolczvan. 


17. 


tizcnli.'t. 


90. kilenczven. 


L8. 


fcizennyolcz. 


93. kilenczvenharom 


L9. 


tizenkilencz. 


100. szaz. 


20. 


Imsz. , 


1000. ezer. 


21, 


huszoneg] , 






egy >/;i/ 


( 1 ( )0) one hundred. 




krt Bz£z, 


(200) two hundred. 




hat >/;i/. 


(600) tix hundred. 



NUMBERS. 



13 



hatszaz negyvennegy (644), six hundred and forty -four. 

millio, a million. 

egy, ket, harom millio, one, two, three millions. 

Nouns following numbers are always in the singular, 
the plural being expressed in the numbers ; as, tiz ember, 
ten man (men) ; hdrom hdz, three house (houses) . 

The same rule is to be observed in regard to the 
adjectives sok, much, many; tobb, several, more: — sok 
ember t Idttam, I have seen many men, and not sok 
embereket lattam. 

Note. — Ketto, two, when immediately followed by a 
substantive, is changed into ket ; as, ket hdz, two houses ; 
ket silling, two shillings. 

Ordinal Numbers. 

These numbers, with;the exception of the first two, a¥)e 
formed by adding dik, adik, odik, edik, or odik to the 
cardinal numbers. 



1st. 

2nd. 

3rd, 

Uh. 

5th. 

6th. 

7th. 

8th. 

9th. 
10th. 
11th. 
12th. 



elso. 

masodik. 

harmadik. 

negyedik. 

otodik. 

hat odik. 

hetedik. 

nyolczadik. 

kilenczedik. 

tizedik. 

tizenegyedik. 

tizenkettedik. 



13th. tizenharniadik. 

14ith. tizennegyedik. 

15th. tizenotodik. 

16th. tizenhatodik. 

17th. tizenhetedik. 

ISth. tizennyolczadik. 

19th. tizenkilenczedik. 

20th. huszadik. 

21st. huszonegyedik. 

30th. harminczadik. 

4>0th. negyvenedik. 

50th. otvenedik. 






11 \l RIBBR8. 

QOtk. hatvanadik. 90th. kilenczyenedik. 

70///. hetvenedik. 100///. sz&zadik, 

so///, nyolczvanadik. looo///. ezredik. 

l.ooo,ooo///. milliomodik. 

MULTIPLIC LT1VE NUMBERS. 

egyes, simple. n£gyes, four-fold. 

kettos, double. otoe, fivefold. 

h&rmas, treble. tizes, ten-fold. 

szazas. // hinid red-fold. 

To these may be added those formed by szar, &zer, or war; 
. once; liaromszor, thrice; otszor, five times; so&- 
ww, many times. 

Distributive Numbers. 

egyfele, of one kind. 
ketfele, of two kinds. 
karomfele, of three kinds. 
husz fele, of twenty kinds. 
szaz fele, of a hundred kinds. 
ezer fele, o/*« thousand kinds. 
masfel, ewe and a half. 
harmadfel, two and a half. 
negyedfel, three and a half. 
huszadf£l, nineteen and a half. 

Sate. — It will be *vn\ that the distributive numbers 
arc funned by adding the particle fele to the roots of 
the cardinal numbers. 

To distributive numbers, when used as adverbs, is an- 
nexed the particle kSpen; as, egyfSlekSpen, in oneway; 

krffrteke/x'/t. in two uav\ 



! 



PRONOUNS, 



15 



Indefinitive Numbers. 



sok, many: as an adverb sokan 

tobb, several „ tobben 

keves, little „ kevesen. 

nehany, \ r nehanyan, 

or > some „ < or 

egynehany, ) ( egynehanyan. 



CHAPTER IV. 



THE PRONOUNS. 



Personal Pronouns. 



en, I. 

nekem, to me. 
engem, me. 



mi, iv e. 

nekiink, to thee. 
minket, -\ 

or > us. 

benniinket, J 



singular. 

te, thou. 
neked, to thee. 
teged, thee. 

PLURAL. 



o, he, she, it. 
neki, to him. 
ot, him. 



ok, they. 
nekik, to them. 



ti, you. 

nektek, to you. 
titeket, "\ 

or > you. oket, them. 

benneteket, ) 



Note. — The genitive case of the pronouns is formed 
by the particle vol ; as, rolam, of me ; rolad, of thee ; 



1(> PRGNOl \s. 

rdla, of him ; r6lunk } of us ; rdlatok, of you ; rdlok, 
of then 

The pronoun you, when applied to a single person, is 
expressed by the words on or kegyed. 

Reciproc \\. Pronouns. 

MN(.l l.AK. PLURAL. 

('•11 magam, / myself, mi magunk, we ourselves. 

te magad, thou thyself. ti magatok, 2/02^ yourselves. 

6 maga, he himself. ok magnk, they themselves. 



Possessive Pronouns. 

Of these pronouns there are two kinds : — 1 . Those 
which form suffixes joined to the noun. 2. Those which 
are separate words. 

The following are the possessive pronouns used as 
suffixes : — 

Singular of both Person and Object. 

II AH D-solN 1)1 \ (. WORDS. SOFT-SOINDING WORDS. 

1st person. am. em. 

2nd person. ad. ed, 

3rd person. aorja. eorje. 

Singular of Person, Plural of Object. 
SARD-SOUS DING WORDS. sol r-SOUNDING WORDS. 

1st person. - aimorjaim. eimarjeim. 

2nd person. aidorjaid. eidarjeid. 

9rd person. aiorjai. — eiorjei. 

i t be Post positions. 



PRONOUNS. 



17 



Plural of Person, Singular of Object. 



HARD-SOUNDING WORDS. 

1st person. unk. 



2nd person. 
3rd person. 



- atok. 
-ok or jok. 



SOFT-SOUNDING WORDS. 

iink. 

etek. 

ek or jek. 



Plural of both Person and Object. 



HARD-SOUNDING WORDS. 



SOFT-SOUNDING WORDS, 



1st person. 
2nd person. 
Srd person. 



-aink or jaink. 
-aitok or jaitok. 
- aik or jaik. 



- eink or jeink. 
-eitek or jeitek. 
-eik or jeik. 



EXAMPLES. 

Ur, master (hard-sounding word). 



uram, my master. 
urad, thy master. 
ura, his master. 

urunk, our master. 
uratok, your master. 
urok, their master. 



uraim, my masters. 
uraid, thy masters. 
urai, his or her master* 

uraink, our masters. 
uraitok, your masters. 
uraik, their masters. 



Kert, garden (soft-sounding word) . 



kertem, my garden. 
kerted, thy garden. 
kertje, his or her garden. 

kertiink, our garden. 
kertetek, your garden. 
kertjek, their garden. 



kertjeim, my gardens. 
kertjeid, thy gardens. 
kertjei, his or her gardens. 

kertjeink, our gardens. 
kertj eitek, your gardens. 
kertjeik, their gardens. 



is 



PRONOUNS 



Some nouns take, in the possessive case in the first 
person, om, am ; as, nap, the day j napom, my dayj eziist, 
silver ; eziistom, my silver. 

The initial vowel of the Buffix is omitted when the 

noun ends in a vowel; as, rnha, the coat; ru/idm, my 
coat ; ruhddj thy coat; ruhdjd, liis coat. 

Nouns with pronominal suffixes an 4 declined in the 

usual way ; as — 



nil i a in. my coat, 

ruhamnak, of my coat. 
ruhamnak, to my coat. 
ruhamat, my coat. 



ruhad, thy coat. 
ruhadnak, of thy coat, 
etc., etc. 



The following possessive pronouns are used separately, 
instead of nouns, when the nouns to which they refer 
are understood : — 



8INGHTLAB 
01 PEB80H AM) OBJECT. 



az enyem, mine, 

a t ii'd, th'nir. 

az 01 '«'. his or hers. 



PLTJBAli 

OF OBJECT. 

az envoim, mine. 
a ticid, thine. 
az ovei, his or 



PLUB \ l- 
01 PERSON. 



a lnirnk, ours. 
a t i«'tck. yours, 
az ov£k, theirs. 



PLTJBA1 
or PEBSON AND OBJECT. 

a micink, ours. 
a t icitck, yours. 
az ove'ik. theirs. 



These pronouns arc declined in the same manner as 
the noun-; a-, 02 etn/r//n/rh, of mine; <7 tiednek, of 

thine, etc* 



PRONOUNS. 19 

Exercises on the Possessive Pronouns. 

I. 

Kert, garden; anya, mother; atya, father ; tanito, teacher; 
haz, house; varos, £&wa; nep, people; jellem, character; 
szorgalmas, diligent; nagy, great, large; kicsi or kis, fo'^fo, 
small; barat, friend; oreg, oZ^; beteg, sic&; egesseges, 
healthy; van, is; ellenseg, enemy; szeip,fne; ido, time; mint, 
tfSaw; ez, £7^; kie? whose? liol ? where? 

(Az en) kert em # nagyobb mint a tied, wy garden is larger 

than thine. 
(Az o) kertje szebb mint a mienk, his garden is finer than ours. 
Hoi van atyad? where is thy father? 
Anyatok egesseges, your mother (is) healthy (the word van is 

omitted). 
Tanitod oreg, thy teacher is old. 
Nepiink jo, our people is good. 
Baratnnk beteg, our friend is sick. 
Kie ez a szep haz ? ivhose is this fine house ? 
Kertiink nagyobb mint az ove, our garden is larger than his. 
Any auk beteg, our mother is sick. 
Yarosnnk kicsi, our town is small. 
Tanitom szorgalmas, my teacher is diligent. 
Jelleme szebb mint a tied, his character is finer than thine. 
Ez a haz a mienk, this house is ours. 
Tanitvanyaim szorgalmasabbak mint a tieid, my pupils are 

more diligent than thine. 

II. 

Haza, country ; elet, life ; konyv, hook; elvesztette, has 
lost; eladta, has sold; lo, horse; lovam, my horse ; talaltam, 

* Sometimes the definite article and personal pronoun precede tin- 
object; as, az en kertem, a te kerted, my garden, thy garden. Thia 
is, perhaps, the most peculiar of the grammatical rules. 

« 2 



20 l'KONOUNS. 

T found; pen/, money; igen, /vr// ,• kalap, //•// ; uj, rtbw ; 
r< or s\ and; Bzomoru, nod; mert, because; m'uuW^ always ; 
\annak. are ; itt. In re. 

ll;i/;ink oagy 6s gazdag, <w country is large and rich. 

Hoi vannak az uj konyveimr where ere my new books/ 

<> elvesztette pen/et. 7/r &o« Zo*/ ///* money, 

(Az ('mi) Lovam j<5 de a ti6d jobb, my ftor^c /.v yo^/, hut thine is 

Utter. 
elvesztette iniiiden penzet, 7^ 7ws lost all his money. 
Hoi vannak lovai? tcliere are his horses? 
Itt vannak miiidcn uj konyveink, here are all our new looks. 
Eletem igen szomoru, my life is very sad. 
Mert amain niindeg beteg, because my mother (is) always 

sick. 
\t\am eladta hazat, my father has sold his house. 
Hoi van (a te) lovad ? where is thy horse ? 
NTem talaltain penzemet, I have not found my money . 
(Az <>) uj kalapjok szebb mint az enyeim, their new hat is 

finer than ours. 
Baratom elvesztette minden konyveit, my friend has lost all 

his books. 

Relative Pronouns. 

These pronouns arc likewise subject to the same rule 
Bfl the nouns, and assume suffixes according to their 
nature ; for example : — 

Sinoii.ai:. ki'r who? Gen. kinek, kiiSP whose, of whom? 
J)iif. kinek r to whom f Ace. kit? whom? 

PlttRAL. kikr whot den. kiknek, kike? Bat. kik- 
nek r Are. kiket P 

Eacsodai who? dm. Iricsod&nakf of whom? 

M i r what t niinok r of or to what ? 



PRONOUNS. 21 

To these may be added: — melyik? which of loth? mely? 
what ? what hind? 

Mi and mely are also used as demonstratives, in 
which case they must be preceded by the definite 
article az ; as, az a ki, he who ; azok a kik, they who ; 
az a mely, that which ; az a mi, that which. 

Demonstrative Pronouns. 

The demonstrative pronouns are — 

az, or azon, that ; azok, those. 
ez, or ezen, this ; ezek, these. 

They are thus declined : — 

singular. 

N. az, or azon, that. ez, or ezen, this. 

Gr. annak, of that. ennek or eze, of this. 

D. annak, to that. ennek, to this. 

A. azt, that. ezt, this. 

PLURAL. 

N. azok, those. ezek, these. 

Gr. azoknak or azoke, of those, ezeknek or ezeke, of these. 

D. azoknak, to those. ezeknek, to these. 

A. azokat, those. ezeket, these. 

Indeterminate Pronouns. 

Valaki, somebody; senki, nobody; mindenki, every 
one; valami, something; akdrki, whosoever; nemely, 
some, any. 



OO 



CHAPTEB V 

THE AUXILIARY VERB. 

There is, so to speak; only one auxiliary verb in Hun- 
garian — Lenni, to be; which is irregular. The meaning 
of the vi t1) to hare is expressed by circumlocution, with 
the aid of the verb to be in the third person; as, nekem 
van, I have (literally, to me is= mihi est)] neki van, he 
lias (to him is). 

Lehet, as a derivation from lenni (the root of which 
is le), signifies can or may be. 

Every Hungarian verb ends, in the infinitive, in ni ; 
as, lenni, to be; alvasni, to read, etc. 

The personal pronouns are generally omitted, being 
understood in the verb. 



Conjugation of the verb Lenni, to be. 
INDICATIVE MOOD. 

I' RESENT. 

(6n) ragyok, Tarn. (mi) vagyunk, we arS. 

i rogy, thou art. (ti) vagytok, you are. 

(o) \ an (vagyoE ). he, she, itis. (ok) vannak, flicy are. 

IMI'I.K'I 

\al«'k. Twa$. valank, ice were. 

\;il;il. thou wcut val&tok, you were. 

\;il;1n;iL they Were 



AUXILIARY VERB. 23 

PERFECT. 

voltam, I have been. voltunk, ive have been. 

voltal, thou hast been. voltatok, you have been. 

volt, he has been. voltak, they have been. 

The Pluperfect is formed by adding vala to the perfect; 
as, voltam vala, voltal vala, etc. ; but it is seldom used. 

FUTURE. 

leszek, I shall be. lesziink, ice shall be. 

leszel, thou wilt be. lesztek, you will be. 

lesz, he tvill be. lesznek, they ivill be. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Present: leven (valo), being. 
Past : volt, having been. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

legy, be thou. 

legyen or legyetek, be ye. 

legyunk, let us be. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
present. 

legyek, if I be. legytink, if we be. 

legy el, if thou be. legyetek, if you be. 

legyen, if he, she, it be. legyenek, if they be. 

imperfect. 

volnek, if I were. volnank, if we were. 

volnal, if thou wert. volnatok, if you were. 

volna, if he were. volnanak, if they were. 



.'J l AUXILIARY VKKI5. 

PBBFBOT; 

roltam l^gjren, //' / Awe been, voltunk L6gyen, if ire have been. 
\oltal L6gyen, if thou, hart l>ecn. voltatok \cg\cujf you have been 
volt lqjyrn, //7/r like fcfefi. voltak \c^\vn,if they have been. 

IMA 1MMU 1XT. 

volt am volna, //'2 Aoti Jecw. voltunk voliia, jf 100 ^«i Jeew. 
voltal volna, if than hadst been, voltatok volna, if you had been. 
volt volna, //' fa 7W ie£#. voltak volna, if they had been. 

FUTURE. 

leendek, if I shall be. leendiink, i/'we sAa/Z fe. 

leendesz, if thou shalt be. leendetek, if you shall be. 

leend, jjf 7*e shall be. leendenek, if they shall be. 

GERUND, 
leendo, being (ivhat is to be). 



Conjugation of the verb Lenni ; in the sense of to become. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 
PRESENT. 

Leflzek, I become. lesziink, we become. 

leszelj thou become xt. lesztek, you become. 

lesz, he becomes. lesznek, they become. 

IMPERFECT. 

lcvrk, / became, lcvc'nk, we became. 

lcv('l, thou becamett. lev&ek, you became. 

[eve or km, fe became, ley£neb or lonek, Z/^y became. 



AUXILIARY VERB. X? 5 



PERFECT. 



lettem, I have become. lettiink, ive have become. 

lettel, thou hast become. lettetek, you have become. 

lett, he has become. lettek, they have become. 

The Pluperfect is formed by adding volt to the Perfect. 

FUTURE. 

fogok lenni, / shall become. fogunk leniii, we shall become. 
fogsz leniii, thoushalt become, fogtok lenni, you shall become. 
fog lenni, he shall become. fognak lenni, they shall become. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Present : levo or leendo, becoming. 
Past : lett, having become. 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

The Present tense is like that of the indicative of lenni, to 
be : — legyek, that I become, etc. 

imperfect. 

lennek, I would become (or be) . lennenk, we would become. 
lennel, thou wouldst become, lennetek, you would become. 
lenne, he would become. lennenek, they would become. 

PERFECT. 

i" may have become, etc. 

lettem legyen. lettiink legyen. 

lettel legyen. lettetek legyen. 

lett legyen. lettek legyen. 



26 WXIl.lAKY VERB. 

PLUPERFECT. 

/ ///if//// //arc //ceo, in\ etc. 

lettem volna. Lettiini volna. 

lettel volna. Lettetek volna. 

Lett volna. Lettek volna. 

The Future tense is like the subjunctive future of lenni, 
to be. 

The verb lenni, followed by kell, must, is conjugated 
in the following manner : — 

PllESENT. 

Lennem kell, I must be. lenniink kell, we must be. 

lenned kell, tlwu must be. lennetek kell, you must be. 
lennie kell, lie must be. lenniek kell, they must be. 

PERFECT. 

I must have been, etc. 

Lennem kellett . lenniink kellett. 

lenned kellett. lennetek kellett. 

lennie kellett. lenniek kellett. 

The word lehet is employed to express the meaning 
of can or may ; as, nekem, neked, neki lehet, I, thou, 
he, may or can have ; nekem lehetett, I could or might 
have. 

The verb lenni, to be, is also used in order to express 
possession; as, van, it is; vannak, there arc, or they 
are; volt, ii was; rol/ak, there or they have been. The 
noun, however, must always assume the suffixes of the 
possessive pronouns, according to their nature; as, 
nekem ran hdzam, I have a house (literally, to me is my 



AUXILIARY VERB. .J/ 

house) ; thus, the suffix am must be added to the sub- 
stantive hdz, house. 

Lenni, when used for the verb to have, is conjugated as 
follows : — 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

nekeni van hazam, / have a house. 
neked van hazad, thou hast a house. 
neki van haza, he has a house. 
nekiink van hazunk, we have a house. 
nektek van hazatok, you have a house. 
nekik van hazok, they have a house. 

IMPERFECT. 

nekem vala hazam, I had a house. 
neked vala hazad, thou hadst a house. 
neki vala haza, he had a house. 
nekiink vala hazunk, we had a house. 
nektek vala hazatok, you had a house. 
nekik vala hazok, they had a house. 

PERFECT. 

nekem volt, I ham had. nekiink volt, ice have had. 

neked volt, thou hast had. nektek volt, you have had. 
neki volt, he has had. nekik volt, they have had, 

FUTURE. 

nekem lesz, I shall have. nekiink lesz, we shall have. 

neked lesz, thou shalt have. nektek lesz, you shall have. 
neki lesz. he shall have. nekik lesz, they shall have. 

The Subjunctive is formed in the present tense by 



28 AUXILIARY VERB. 

vofaa } and iii the perfect by lett vobta; as, hanek em, 
licked, iwki rolna, if 1, thou, he had ; ha nekiink, nektek, 
nekik lett rolna, it" we, you, they had had. 

Exercises on the verb Lenni in its various significations. 

1. Lenni, to be. 

The personal pronouns, as already mentioned, being 
understood by the termination of the verb, are gene- 
rally omitted, and are only made use of for the pur- 
pose of contrast or emphasis. The third person of the 
verb lenni, to be, cannot be omitted if preceded by an 
adjective. 

Boldog vagyok, / am happy. 

Fiatal vagy, thou art young. 

(0) gazdag, he is rich. 

Hoi vagy te? where art thou? 

Hogy van o ? how is he ? 

() bet eg, he is sick. 

(Mi) itt vagyunk, ice are here. 

(Ti) szabadok vogytok, you are free. 

(Ok) ott vannak, they are there. 

Szomszedom egyszer gazdag vala, my neighbour was once rich. 

Mi gazdagok vagyunk, we are rich. 

Mert el£gedettek vagyunk, because we are content. 

Bzen csaULd mindeg szerencses, this fevmily is always happy. 

On m£g fiatal ember, you are yet a young man. 

Szorgalmaa val<'l< egesz nap, I was diligent the whole day. 

Ho] volt ("hi ma P where have you been to-day f 

En eg&Z i i;i | ) Bzob&mba volt am, / have been the whole day in 

my room. 
Kik vohak a/ok a/. nraL kik mind brszeltek ? who were the 

gentlemen who spoke to yon ? 



AUXILIARY VERB. 29 

Azok idegenek, those are strangers. 

Ezen fiatal ember kiilfoldi, this young man is a foreigner. 

Az erenyes ember mindeg boldog, a virtuous man (is) always 

happy. 
Eemelem bogy bolnap egesseges leszek, I hope that I shall be 

well to-morrow. 
Hoi lesz o bolnap ? where icill he (she) be to-morrow ? 
Mi Londonban lesziink, we shall be in London. 
Ti boldogok lesztek (az o) tarsasagaban, you will be happy in 

his company. 
En rosziil Yoltam ma, de remelem bogy holnap egesseges 

leszek, I have been unwell to-day , but I hope to be well to- 

7)i or rote. 
Voltal a szabonal, hast thou been at the tailor's ? 
En baratomnal yoltam, I have been with my friend. 
Mi nem lesziink ma a varosba, ice shall not be in town to-day. 
Batyam soba sem lesz meg elegedve, my brother tvill never 

be content. 
Legyiink teyekenyek, let us be industrious. 
£s"e legy rest, be not idle, lazy. 
Legyenek figyelmesek, be attentive. 
Legyen a mi akar, let him be what he likes. 

2. Lenni, to become. 

Mi lesz ezen szegeny emberekbol ? what will become of the 
poor men ? 

Fiam katona lett, my son became a soldier. 

Baratom gazdag lett yolna, my friend might have become rich. 

Mindnyajan katonak lesziink ba kell, we (all of us) will be- 
come soldiers if necessary. 

Sokan bontalanok lettek, many became exiles. 

Mi fog lenni beloliink? tvhat will become of us ? 

Baratim nem sokara szabad emberek fognak lenni, my friends 
will soon become free people. 



80 mxii.i \m VERB. 

$, Lennij to hare. 

Nekem Bok dolgom van, / faro* mitcA to do. 
Vaniuik aeked Lsmeroseid it ten ? ftave yo« fore some ac- 
quaintances f 
Neki sok p6nze voll de elvesztette, //e had much money, but he 

I it. 
Neki h&rom gyermeke van, egy tia b ,# ket leanya, she has 

three children, one son and two daughters. 
Nekem sz£p kesem vala, de aem tudom hoi van, Iliad a fine 

knife but I don't know where it is. 
Neki oagy Bzerencseje van, he has great luck. 
Nagy baj mikor az embernek sok ellensege van, it is a great 

misfortune (plague) if one lias many enemies. 
Mikor lesz onnek ideje ? when shall you have time ? 
Nekem tobb baratom van mint neked, / have more friends 

than llwu. 
Neki sok konyvei voltak, he bad many books. 
Nekunk keves idonk van, onnek tobb van, we bare little time, 

you bare more. 

Onnek sok isinerete van, you bare (possess) much knowledge. 
Van e neki eszef has he an understanding/ (is he an able 
man?) 

To express the negative of have (i. e., not to have) 
i lie word nines, or nincsen, is used in the singular, and 
nincsenek in the plural. As regards the present tense, 
they are employed thus : — 

nekem nines. / have not. 

neked nines, thou bust not . 

neki nines, he 1ms not. 

Nekunk nines bar&tunk, we bare no friends. 

■ ''v. has 1 he signification of and. 



REGULAR VERBS. 31 

Nekem nines idom, I have no time. 
Neki nincsenek gyermekei, he has no children. 
Nekem nincsenek ismeroseim, I have no acquaintances. 
Neki nincsenek tehetsegei, he has no talents. 

Sines signifies nor, also not ; as — 

Nekem nines, neki sines, I have not, nor has he. 

Nekiink nincsenek barataink, neki sincsenek, we have no 

friends, nor has he. 
Neked nines dolgod, nekem sines, thou hast no business, nor 

have I. 

The perfect and future are expressed in the regular 
way, by placing the words nem, not, and sem, nor, before 
the verb ; as, nekem nem volt, I had not ; nekem nem lesz, 
I will not have ; neked sem lesz, nor wilt thou have. 



CHAPTER VI. 

THE REGULAR VERBS. 

There is only one conjugation in the Hungarian lan- 
guage for all regular verbs, but it consists of a definite 
and indefinite form. The former is used when a defined 
accusative case either follows it, or is understood; the 
latter, when the verb does not relate to a determined 
object ; for example : — 

Ldtom (definite form), I see it, or him. 

Ldtok (indefinite), I see, (that is, to read or write.) 



82 i;i;i;i i.ak \ BBBS. 

The reader will easily Bee thai these two forms of con- 
jugation apply only to active verbs. 

Besides the general classification of verbs into active, 
passive, and neuter, must be mentioned the factitive, 
facultative, and frequentative verbs. 

The factitive verbs are formed by adding to the root 
of the verb the particle at, tat, et, tet ; as, csindl, he 
makes; csinaltut, he causes to be made; ker, he asks; 
kcrct, he makes or causes to be asked. 

The facultative property of the verb is denoted by 
adding to the root the particle hat or het ; as, csindl, he 
makes; csindthat, he can make; ker, he asks; ker het, 
he can (is able to) ask. 

The frequentative is formed by the termination ogat, 
eget ; as, ad, he gives ; adogat, he is giving frequently ; 
ker, he begs ; kereget, he begs often. 

The infinitive of every verb terminates in ni. The 
third person singular of the indicative present of the 
indefinite form is always the root of the verb; the cha- 
racteristic of the perfect tense is t. 

The personal pronouns, as already observed, are 
usually omitted. 

Table of the Suffixes of an Active Verb in the indicative 
mood and indefinite form. 

Hard-sounding Verb. 
present. 

s i n ( . r i. v h. PLURAL. 

1. ok. unk. 

2. - B2 tok. 

\\. nak. 



REGULAR VERBS. 33 

IMPERFECT. 

SINGULAR. PLURAL. 

1. ek. ank. 

2. al. atok. 

3. a. anak. 

PERFECT. 

1. tarn. tunk. 

2. tal. tatok. 

3. 1. tak. 

The Pluperfect is formed by adding volt to the perfect tense. 

An active verb, in the indefinite form, is thus conju- 
gated in the Indicative Mood : — 

PRESENT. 

(en) varok, I wait. (mi) varunk, we wait. 

(te) varsz, thou waitest. (ti) vartok, you wait. 

(o) var. he, she, it ivaits. (ok) varnak, they wait. 

IMPERFECT. 

varek, I waited. varank, we waited. 

varal, thou waitedst. varatok, you waited. 

vara, he ivaited. varanak, they waited. 

PERFECT. 

vartam, I have ivaited. vartunk, we have waited. 

vartal, thou hast ivaited. vartatok, you have ivaited. 

vart, he has ivaited. vartak, they have ivaited. 

PLUPERFECT. 

vartam volt, / had ivaited. vartunk volt, we had ivaited. 

vartal volt, thou hadst ivaited. vartatok xo\t,you had waited. 
vart volt, he had waited. vartak volt, they had waited. 



84 RBOULAB VERBS. 

FUTURE. 

\.ii'iii fogok*, / shall wait, v&mi fogunk, ire shall wait, 

\arni fogSZ, thou Wilt trait, varni fogtok, you trill trait. 

\ .inii fog, hr will wait, varni fognak, they trill trait 

PARTICIPLES. 

Present: vam, varva, varvan. waiting. 
Pkrfect: vai-t, having waited. 

INFINITIVE, 
varni, to wait. 

Table of the Suffixes of the Definite Form. 

PRESENT. 
SINGULA B. PLURAL. 

1. om. juk. 

2. od. jatok. 

3. ja jak. 

IMPERFECT. 

1. am. ok. 

2. ad. atok. 

3. a. ak. 

PERFECT. 

1. iam. tuk. 

2. tad. tatok. 

3. ta. tak. 

Tl i Pluperfed is formed by adding roll (or vala). 

The following is the conjugation of the verb varni, to 
wait, in the definite form: — 

* Thi ^ogokyfogm^ etc., answer to the English, shall, wilt, etc. 



REGULAR VERBS. 35 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 
PRESENT. 

varom, / wait (him, her, etc.). varjuk, we wait. 
varod, thou waitest. varjatok, you wait. 

varja, lie, she. it waits. varjak, they wait. 

IMPERFECT. 

varam, I waited (him, her, etc.) varok, toe waited. 
varad, thou waitedst. varatok, you ivaited. 

vara, he waited. varak, they ivaited. 

PERFECT. 

vartam, I have waited. vartuk, we have waited. 

vartad, thou hast waited. vartatok, you have ivaited. 

varta, he has waited. vartak, they have waited. 

FUTURE. 

varni fogom # , I shall wait, varni fogjuk, we shall wait. 
varni fogod, thou wilt wait, varni fogjatok, you will wait. 
varni fogja, he will wait. varni fogjak, they will wait. 



Table of the Suffixes of the Subjunctive Mood. 

INDEFINITE FORM. DEFINITE FORM. 

PRESENT. 
SINGULAR. PLURAL. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 

1. jak. jnnk. 1. jam. juk. 

2. jal. jatok. 2. jad. jatok 

3. jon. janak. 3. ja. jak. 

* Fog, as will be seen, takes the suffixes of the present tense. 

D 2 



36 REGULAR VERBS. 

IMPERFECT. 
SINGULAR. PLURAL. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 

1. nek. nank. 1. nam. nok. 

2. nal. natok. 2. nad. natok. 

3. na. nanak. 3. na. nak. 

The Perfect is formed by adding volna to the perfect 
tense of the indicative mood. The Future is formed by 
adding the suffixes andok, andasz, and, andunJc, andotok, 
andcmak, to the root of the verb, as will be seen. 

The Subjunctive Mood of vdrni, to wait, is thus con- 
jugated : — 

INDEFINITE FORM. DEFINITE FORM. 

PRESENT. 

yarjak, if I wait. varjam, if Iivait. 

varjal, if thou wait. varjad, if thou wait. 

varjon, if he wait. varja, if he wait. 

varjunk, if we wait. varjuk, if we wait. 

varjatok, if you wait. varjatok, if you wait. 

varjanak, if they ivait. varjak, if they wait. 

IMPERFECT. 

varnek, I would wait. varnam, I would wait. 

varnal, thou ivouldst wait. varnad, thou wouldst wait. 

varna, he would wait. varna, he would wait. 

varnank, we would wait. varnok, we ivould wait. 

varnatok, you would wait. varnatok, you would wait. 

varnanak, they would wait. varnak, they would wait. 

PERFECT INDEFINITE. 

vartam volna, I would have waited. 
vartal volna, thou wouldst have waited. 
vart volna, he would have waited. 



REGULAR VERBS. 37 

vartimk volna, we would have waited. 
vartatok volna, you would have waited. 
vartak volna, they would have waited. 

PERFECT DEFINITE. 

vartam volna, I would have waited (him, her, etc.). 

vartad volna, thou wouldst have waited. 

varta volna, he would have waited. 

vartuk volna, we would have waited. 

vartatok volna, you would have waited. 

vartak volna, they would have waited. 

FUTURE. 
INDEFINITE. DEFINITE. 

varandok, I shall ivait. varandom, I shall wait. 

varandasz, thou wilt wait. varandod, thou wilt wait. 

varand, he will wait. varandja, he will wait. 

varandunk, we shall wait. varandjuk, we shall wait. 

varandotok, you will wait. varandjatok, you will wait. 

varandanak, they will wait. varandjak, they ivill wait. 

Table of the Suffixes of a Soft-sounding Verb, 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

INDEFINITE FORM. DEFINITE FORM. 

PRESENT. 

SINGULAR. PLUEAL. SINGULAE. PLURAL. 

1. ek. tink. 1. em. jiik. 

2. sz. tek. 2. ed. itek. 

3. nek. 3. i. ik. 

IMPERFECT. 

1. ek. enk. 1. em. ■ ok. 

2. el. etek. 2. ed. ■ etek. 

3. e. enek. 3. e. ek. 



38 



REGULAR \ ERBS, 



PEBFBOT. 
BINQU] LB I'l i BAL. m v.i i ah. PLIT&AL. 

I. tern. iiink. 1. tern. tiik . 

trl. tetek. 2. ted. t&ek. 

8. - t. — tek. 3. te. tek. 



Conjugation of a Soft -sounding Verb — Ismcrni {or 
osmerni), to know. 



INDICATIVE MOOD. 



INDEFINITE FORM. 

ismerek, I know. 
ismersz, thou knowest. 
ismer, he knows. 
ismerunk, we know. 
ismertek, you know. 
isnitTiu'k. they know. 



ismerek, / knew. 
ismnvl. thou knewest. 
ismere, he knew. 
ismerenk, ice knew. 
ismer6tek, you knew. 
ismer&iek, they knew. 



DEFINITE FORM. 
PRESENT. 

ismerem, I know (him, it). 
ismere d, thou knowest. 
ismeri, he knows. 
ismerjiik, we know. 
ismeritek, you know. 
ismerik, they know. 

IMPERFECT. 

ismerem, I knew. 
ismered, thou knewest. 
ismere, he knew. 
ismerok, we knew. 
ismeretek, you knew. 
ismerek, they knew. 



PERFECT. 



ismertem, Z have known. 
Lsmert£l, thou host known. 

ISmertj he has known. 

ismertunk, we have known. 
igmertetek, you horn known. 
ismertek, they have known. 



Lsmertem, I have known. 
ismerted, thou hast knoivn. 
ismerte, he has known. 
ismertuk, we have known. 
ismert£tek, you have known. 
ismertek, they have known. 



REGULAR VERBS. 



39 



FUTURE. 

ismerni fogok, I shall know. 
ismerni fogsz, thou wilt know. 
ismerni fog, he will know. 
ismerni fogunk, we shall know. 
ismerni fogtok, you will know. 
ismerni fognak, they will know. 



ismerni fogom, I shall know. 
ismerni fogod, thou wilt kn. 
ismerni fogja, lie will know. 
ismerni fogjuk, we shall kn. 
ismerni iogyitok, you will kn . 
ismerni fogjak, they will kn. 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 



The suffixes of the Subjunctive Mood are like those of 
the hard- sounding verb ; for example — 



INDEFINITE FORM. 



DEFINITE FORM. 



PRESENT TENSE. 



ismerjek, if I know. 
ismerjel, if thou knoiv. 
ismerjen, if he knoic. 
ismerjunk, if we know. 
ismerjetek, if you knoiv. 
ismejenek, if they know. 



isinerjem, if I know. 
ismerjed, if thou know. 
ismerje, if he know. 
ismerjuk, if we know. 
ismerjetek, if you know. 
ismerjek, if they know. 



IMPERFECT. 

If I knew or might know, etc. 
ismernek. ismernem. 

ismernel. ismerned. 



ismerne. 
ismernenk. 
ismernetek. 
ismernenek. 



ismerne. 
ismernok. 
ismernetek. 
ismernek. 



PERFECT. 



If I have known, etc. 
ismertem legyen or volna. ismertem legyen or volna. 

ismcrtel legyen or volna. ismerted legyen or volna. 

ismert legyen or volna, etc. ismerte legyen or volna, etc. 



10 REGULAR VERBS. 

11 ri RE. 

//' / shall know, etc. 

ismcrendek. ismerendem. 

ismerendsz. ismerended. 

ismerend, etc. ismerendi, etc. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Present: Ismero, ismerven, knowing. 
Perfect: ismert, having known. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

ismerj, ismerd, know it, know thou, 
ismerjiink, let us know. 

There are, besides these, compound verbs, formed by 
placing certain prepositions before the root, such as be, 
in : hi, out ; hdtra, back, etc. ; as, benezni, to look in ; 
kinezni, to look out; hdtranezni, to look back. These 
prepositions are sometimes separated from the verb, and 
placed at the end of the sentence. (See Syntax.) 

The most peculiar preposition is meg, which in itself 
has no meaning, but, when prefixed to a verb, has a 
corroborative sense; as, tanulni, to learn; megtanulni, 
to learn thoroughly, correctly; erteni, to understand, 
megirteniy etc. 

THE PASSIVE VOICE. 

The I'ii— Lve voice is formed — 1. By adding at, et, to 
the monosyllabic active verbs. 2. By adding tat, tet, to 
polysyllabic verbs, as well as to those verbs which end 

in a vowel, 



REGULAR VERBS. 



41 



Table of the Passive Suffixes. 
Hard-sounding Words. 



INDICATIVE MOOD. 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 



SINGULAR. 

1. atom. 

2. atol. 

3. atik. 



PRESENT. 
PLURAL. SINGULAR. 

— atunk. 1. assam. 

— attok. 2. assal. 

— atnak . 3 . as s ek . 



PLURAL. 

— assunk. 

— assatok. 

— assanak. 



1. at am. 

2. atal. 

3. -atek. 



1. attain. 

2 attal. 

3. atott. 



1. 



IMPERFECT. 

— atank. 1. atnam. 

— atatok. 2. atrial. 

— atanak. 3. atnek. 



PEREECT. 

• attunk. 
attatok. 
- attak. 



-atnank. 
- atnatok. 
-atnanak. 



The Subjunctive Perfect 
is formed by adding 
volna. 



FUTURE. 

■ atni fogok, etc. 1. — 



- atari dom, etc. 



Conjugation of the passive verb Varatni, to be waited, 
or expected. 

INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. 

PRESENT. 

varassam, if I am ivaited. 
varassal, if thou art waited. 
varassek, if he is limited. 
varassunk, if we are waited . 
varassatok, if yon are waited 
varassanakj if they err waited 



varatom, I am ivaited. 
varatol, thou art waited. 
varatik, he is waited. 
varatunk. we w*e waited. 
varattok. you are waited. 
varatnak. they ere waited, 



I -J 



REGULAR VERBS. 



\aratam, / was waited. 

v;'u-;it;il. thou wast waited. 
varairk, he woe waked. 
\;irat;ink, we were waited. 

v;lr:it ;ilok, you were Waited. 

y&rat&nak, they were wailed 



i M PERFECT. 

YMi-nt nam, / would be waited. 
\arat wW.thoi' wouldst be waited. 
varatiu'k, he would be waited. 
varat nank, we would be waited. 
\ 6 Pa 1 1 iat ok, you would be waited 
varat niuKikJhej/ would beivaited 



PERFECT. 

/ have been waited, etc. 



varat tain. 

\arattal. 

\;iratott. 

varattunk. 

varattatok. 

varattak. 

I shall he waited, etc. 

varatni fogok. 
\ aratni fogsz. 
\ aratni fog. 
varatni fogunk. 
\ aratni fogtok. 
\ aratni fognak. 



The Subjunctive is formed 
by adding volna; as, 
vdrattam volna, I have 
been waited, etc. 

FUTURE. 

If I shall be waited, etc. 

varatandom. 

varatandol. 

varatandik. 

varat an dunk. 

varatandotok. 

varatandanak. 



PARTICIPLES. 



PRESENT : varat van, being waited. 
Perj HOT: varatott, having been waited. 



IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

\arassal, be thou waited. 
varas>;i1ok, be ye waited. 

yarassanak, let them be watted. 



REGULAR VERBS. 



43 



Conjugation of the passive verb Keretni, to be asked 
[soft -sounding) . 



INDICATIVE. 

keretem, I am asJced. 
keretel, thou art asked. 
keretik, lie is asked. 
keretiink, we are asked. 
kerettek, you are asked. 
keretnek, they are asked. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 



PRESENT. 



keressem, if I am asked. 
keressel, if tlwu art asked. 
keressek, if lie is asked. 
keressiink, if we are asked. 
keressetek, if you are asked. 
keressenek, if they are asked. 



IMPERFECT. 



keretem, I was asked. 
keretel, thou ivast asked. 
keretek, he was asked. 
keretenk, we were asked. 
keretetek, you were asked. 



keretnem, if I ivere asked. 
keretnel, if thou wert asked. 
keretnek, if he were asked. 
keretnenk, if we ivere asked. 
keretnetek, if you were asked. 



keretenek, they were asked. keretnenek, if they were asked. 



PERFECT. 



kerettem, I have been asked. 
kerettel, thou hast been asked. 
keretett. lie has been asked. 
kerettiink, we have been asked. 
kerettetek, you have been asked. 
kerettenek, they havebeen asked. 



To the Subjunctive is to 
be added volna ; as, 
kerettem volna. 



FUTURE. 

I shall be asked, etc. If I shall be asked, etc. 

keretni fogok. keretendem. 

I ui fogsz. keretendel. 

keretni focr. keretendik. 



REGULAR VERBS. 



krivim fogunk. k&retendiink. 

knvtni fo&tok. k6retendetek. 

k£retni fognak. keretendenek. 



PARTICIPLES. 

keretv6n, being asked. 
knvtrtt, having been asked. 



The [mperative Mood is generally like the Subjunctive 
Present in regard to all verbs ; as, Jceressel, be (thou) asked ; 
keressekj let him be asked. 



NEUTER VERBS. 

The Neuter verbs are of a double character : — 1. Those 
which are simple and really neuter, and are never 
followed by an accusative; 2. Those which can be used 
as active verbs. For example, fdzni, to be cold, belongs 
to the first class ; jdrni, to go, tdnczolni, to dance, may 
be used also in active sense ; as, jdrok, I go, walk ; 
jdrom a tdnczot, literally, I go the dance ; tdnczolom a 
csdrddst } I dance the csdrdds (name of a Hungarian 
national (lance). 

The words sok, much, keves, little, are used in the accu- 
sative, even after those verbs which are always neuter ; 
as, sokat fdztam, T was very cold; keveset jdrtam, I 
walked little. 

The suffixes of a neuter verb differ from the indefinite 
active rarb only in the present tense singular, having 
om s ol y iky cm, el, ik, like the passive. These verbs are 
commonly designated by the name ikes, on account of the 
third person singular of the present tense ending in ik. 



REGULAR VERBS. 



45 



Conjugation of the neuter verb Fazni, to be cold 
[hard-sounding) . 



INDICATIVE. 

fazom, I am cold. 
fazol, thou art cold. 
fazik, he is cold. 
fazunk, we are cold. 
faztok, you are cold. 
faznak, they are cold. 

fazam, I was cold. 
fazal, thou wast cold. 
fazek, he was cold. 
fazank, ice ivere cold. 
fazatok, you were cold. 
fazanak, they were cold. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 



PRESENT. 



fazzam, if I be cold. 
fazzal, if thou be cold. 
fazzek, if he be cold. 
fazzunk, if we be cold. 
fazzatok, if you be cold. 
fazzanak, if they be cold. 



IMPERFECT. 



faznam, if I were cold. 
faznal, if thou wert cold. 
faznek, if he were cold. 
faznank, if ice were cold. 
faznatok, if you were cold. 
faznanak, if they were cold. 



PERFECT. 



faztam, I have been cold. 
faztal, thou hast been cold. 
fazott, he has been cold. 
faztunk, we have been cold. 
faztatok, you have been cold. 
faztak. they have been cold. 



faztam volna, if I have been c. 
faztal volna, if thou hast been c. 
fazott volna, if he has been cold. 
faztunk volna, if we have been c. 
faztatok vo\nsi,ifyou havebeenc. 
faztak volna, if they have been c. 



fazni fo^ok. etc. 



FUTURE. 

fazandom, etc. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

fazzal, be thou cold. 
fazzunk, let us be cold. 



k; 



REGULAR VERB8. 



Conjugation of the neuter verb Ksni, to fall 

{soft 'sou riding). 



INDICATIVE. 

esem, I fait. 

esel, tli ok fattest. 
esik, he falls. 

esnnk, i refill. 

rstek, you fall. 

esnek, they fall. 

cst'm, ifeii. 

esi'l, t lion fell est. 
esek, he fell. 
esenk, we fell. 
esetek, yon fell. 
esenek, they fell. 



estem, I am fallen. 
estel, ^Ao^ art fallen 
•/sett, //r is fallen. 
otiiiik, few are fallen. 
estetek, you are fallen. 
estek, they are fallen. 



esni fogok, / .s-W/ t /"//. 
emu fogsz, <>/<?. 



SUBJUNCTIVK. 



PRESENT. 



essem, if I fall. 
cssc'l, if tit oa fall. 
ess6k, if he fall. 
essiink, if we fall. 
essetek, if you fall . 
essenek, if they fall. 



IMPERFECT. 



esnem, if I fell. 
esnel, if thou fell. 
esnek, if he fell. 
esnenk, if we fell. 
esnetek, if you fell. 
esnenek, if they fell. 



PERFECT. 



estem volna, if I befallen. 
estel volna, if thou befallen. 
esett volna, etc. 



II T17RE. 



esendem, if I shall fall. 
esendel, efe. 



The particle lak, lek, is sometimes used instead of 
the personal pronouns thou, you, and joined to the 



REGULAR VERBS. 



verb ; as, latni, to see ; Idtlak, I see you, thee ; instead 
of Tdtom tegedet, onoket, titeket, Idttalak, I have seen 
thee, you, etc. ; kerni, to beg ; kerlek, I beg thee, you ; 
kertelek, I begged thee, you, etc. 



Exercises on some Active Verbs in the Indefinite and 
Definite forms. 



beszelni, to speak. 
szeretni, to love. 
inondani, to say. 
kapni, to get. 
adni, to give. 
eladni, to sell. 
latni, to see. 
erezni, to feel. 



elarulni, to betray. 
megcsalni, to deceive. 
tudni, to know. 
vagni, to cut. 
hajtani, to drive. 
irni, to write. 
turni, to suffer. 
nyerni, to gain. 



I. 



Mit tud on ? 

En sokat tudok. 

En nem tudom (azt). 

Mi jol tudjuk. 

Mi semmit sem tudnnk. 

Tudtani hogy tigy lesz. 

Tudja on ki irta ezt a levelet ? 

O jol hajtja a lovakat, de en 

is jol hajtok. 
Tud o irni ? 
Igen. o irta ezen leveleket. 

Ma nem irunk, hanem hol- 
nap. 



What do you know. 

I know much. 

I do not know it. 

We know it well. 

We know nothing. 

I knew that it will be so. 

Do you know who has written 

this letter ? 
He drives the horses well, 

but I dt*ive well also. 
Can Tie (she) write ? 
Yes, he has written these 

letters. 
We don't write to-day, but 
ire will to-morrotv. 



IS 



REGUL \K VERBS. 



M ii'il nem besz£] i')ii r ki 
annvit turt. 

Sokal ayertunk ismerets^ge 
altal. * 

M it ayerl 611 az altal ? 
Tudja on ez ta dolgot? 
Holnap mindenl fogunk 

t mini. 
Ne beszeljen Bemmit ezen 
dologrdl, jobb \arni hol- 
napig. 

Ki vagta ezt a kenyeret? 
Sokat vagtam ezen kessel. 



Why do you not speak, who 

suffered so much ? 
We gained much by Ms dc- 

quaintance. 
What did you gain by it f 
Do you know this matter? 
To-morrow we shall know all. 

Speak nothing about it, you 
had better wait till to- 
morrow. 

Who cut this bread/ 
I have cut much with this 
knife. 



II. 



Besz61 on magyarul? 

Nem, Uram! ertek egy ke- 

veset, de nem beszelek. 
Mitbeszelo? 
En azt beszelem, a in it o 

nem ert. 
Ne beszeljen annyit. 
80k U'velet ka])tunk ma. 
En tnegkaptam mindenkony- 

reimet. 
A.djon uekem aeh&ny forin- 

tot ha lebel . 
.M it adoti on nekif 
Nagy baty&m j<5 fcanicsol 

adoti nekiink. 
M it fogunk neki adni ha 

eljon F 
eladta minden konyveit, 



Do you speak Hungarian? 
No, Sir. I understand it a 

little, but do not speak it. 
What does he speak (say) ? 
I speak what he does not 

understand. 
Do not talk so much. 
We got many letters to-day. 
I have received all my books. 

Give me some florins if j)os- 

siblc. 
What have you given him ? 
My uncle has given us good 

advice. 
What shall ice give him if he 

comes (arrives) / 
He has sold all his books. 



REGULAR VERBS. 



49 



Szeretnem eladni kardomat. 

Az on baratja boldog ember, 

nem erzi szerencsetlense- 

get. 
Nagyon erzem a mostani 

aliapotot. 
En minden enibert szeretek; 

de barataimat jobban sze- 

retein. 
A ki hazajat nem szereti 

rosz ember. 
Szeretem ont szep tehetsegei 

miatt. 
Senki sem szeret engem e' * 

^rilagon. 
Ne beszeljen semmit, o el- 

fogja arulni ont. 
elarulta hazajat. 
X. ur minden embert meg- 

csal. 
Mit mondott o ? 
En mondtam azt neki. 
Jo sokat latni, 's keveset be- 

szelni. 
Mitlatott? 
En mindemiap latom St. 



I should like to sell my 
sword. 

Your friend is a happy man, 
he does not feel his misfor- 
tune. 

I feel too much the present 
state. 

I love every man ; out I love 
my friends most. 

He who does not love his 
country is a bad man. 

I love (or like) you on ac- 
count of your fine talents. 

Nobody likes me in this 
world. 

Do not say anything, he will 
betray you. 

He betrayed his country. 

Mr. N. deceives every one. 

What did he say? 

I have told him that. 

It is good to see much and 

speak little. 
What have you seen? 
I see him every day. 



* E\ or ez, signifies this ; e is used before a word beginning with a 
consonant, ez before a vowel. 

E 



50 

CHAPTER VII. 
IRREGULAR AND IMPERSONAL VERBS. 

The irregular verbs are of three classes : — 

1 . Those of the first class change the root n into sz in 
the present, take v in the imperfect, and t or tt in the 
perfect ; and their characteristic suffix for the subjunc- 
tive and imperative is gy. 

2. The second class consists of neuter verbs ending in 
ud, ud, ed, which omit these syllables in the indicative 
present, and take sz, and in the imperfect sometimes v. 

3. Those of the third class take v in the indicative 
present and imperfect, and in the present participle; 
they also double the t of the perfect, and take j in the 
imperative and subjunctive moods; as, noni, to grow; 
present, riovok, I grow ; imperfect, novek, I grew ; sub- 
junctive, nojjek, if or that I grow. 

First Class — Tenni, to do. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 
PRESENT. 

teszek # , I do. tesziink, ive do. 

teszel, thou doest. tesztek, you do. 

tesz, he does. tesznek, they do. 

IMPERFECT. 

tevek, I did. tevenk, we did. 

tevel, thou didst. tevetek, you did. 

teve, he did. tevenek, they did. 

* In the definite form it takes the definite suffixes, em, ed, i; as 
teszem, teszed, etc. 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 51 

PERFECT. 

tettem, I have done. tettiink, ice have done. 

tettel, thou hast done. tettetek, you have done. 

tett, he has done. tettek, they have done. 

EUTURE. 

tenni fogok, I shall or will do, etc. 

PARTICIPLES. 

tevo, teven, doing ; tett, done. 

In like manner are conjugated venni, to buy; vinni, 
to carry ; hinni, to believe ; enni, to eat ; inni, to drink ; 
— as, veszek (indefinite form, veszem), I buy; viszek, I 
carry; hiszek, I believe; eszem, I eat; Aszom, I drink. 

The facultative of these verbs is formed by adding the 
particle hat, het, to the first syllable ; as, venni, to buy, 
vehetni, to be able to buy ; inni, to drink, ihatni, to be 
able to drink. 



Second Class — Aludni, to sleep. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 
PRESENT. 

alszom or aluszom, I sleep. alszunk, we sleep). 

alszol or aluszol, thou sleepest. alusztok, you sleep, 

alszik, he sleeps. alusznak, they sleep, 

IMPERFECT. 

alvam or ahivam, I slept. alvank, we slept. 

alval, thou sleptest. alvatok, you slept. 

alvek, he slept. alvanak, they slept. 

E 2 



52 [RREGULAB VERBS. 

PERFECT. 

aludtam, / have slept . aludtunk, we have slept, 

aludtal, thou hast slept. allldtatok, you hare slept 

aludt, he has slept al udl ak, they hare slept 

FUTURE. 

ahidni fogok, I shall or will sleep, etc. 

PARTICIPLES. 

alvo, alvan, sleeping ; aludt, slept. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
PRESENT. 

ahuljaiii, if or that [sleep. aludjunk, if we sleep. 

aludjal, if thou sleep. aludjatok, if you sleep. 

aludj6k, if he sleep . alixdj anak, if they sleep . 

IMPEEFECT. 

aludnam, if or that I might sleep, etc. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

aludj, sleep thou. 
aludjunk, let us sleep. 

To this class belong alkudni, to bargain; nyugodni, 
to rest ; haragudnij to be angry ; fekudni, to lie ; eskudni, 
to swear ; cselekedni, to act, etc. 

Third Class — Jobi* or jonni, to come (the root being 
jo, he comes). 

IN DK' A TIN K. SI BJUNCTIVi:. 

PBESEHT. 
jovok, / come. jojjek, that I come. 



IMPERSONAL VERBS. 53 

josz, thou comest. .PJjon, that he comes, etc. 

jo or jon, he comes. 
jovimk, ice come. 
jottok, you come. 
jonek, they come. 

IMPERFECT. 

jovek, I came. jonnek, that I came. 

jovel, thou earnest. jonnel, that thou earnest. 

jove, he came. jomie, that he came. 

jovenk, we came, etc. jonnenk, that we came, etc. 

PARTICIPLES. 

joven, jovo, coming ; jott, come. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

jojj, come thou. 
jojjunk, let us come. 

To this class belong loni, to shoot ; noni, to grow ; 
szoni, to weave ; rini, to weep, yearn ; szini or szivni, 
to suck, draw ; oni or ovni, to guard ; — as, lovok, losz, lo, 
I, thou, he shoots, etc. 

The verbs combined with kell (must) always take 
the suffixes nom, nod, nia, etc.; as, tanulni, to learn; 
tanulok, I learn; tanulnom kell, tanulnod kell, tanulnia 
kell, I, thou, he must learn; tanulnunk, tanulnotok, ta- 
nulniok kell, we, you, they must learn ; tanulnom kellett, 
I must (was obliged to) learn ; tanulnom kellene, I would 
be obliged to learn, etc. 

IMPERSONAL VERBS. 

Esik, it rains ; esett, it has rained ; esni fog, it will rain 
Villainlik, it lightens. 



.") 1 POSTPOSITIONS, 

Menjrddrog, U thunders. 

1 [ajnalodik, it dawns. 

Esteledii or alkonyodik, it grows dork. 

llavn/. or esii a h6, it sfiows, or the show fall*. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

POSTPOSITIONS. 

In the Hungarian language, the Prepositions (which 
derive their name from being placed before the nouns) 
usually follow the nouns to which they relate, and may 
therefore more correctly be called Postpositions. Some 
of the Postpositions take the form of suffixes annexed to 
the nouns, others form separate words. 

The chief thing to be observed with regard to the an- 
nexed Postpositions is, that they are divided into hard 
and soft sounding ones, according to the nouns to which 
they are joined. 

IIAi:i)-sorM)ING. SOFT-SOUNDING. 

ba 3 ban, m . be, ben. 



1 )<'>!. out of; bo'l. 

hoz, to ; hez. 

• nal. hif. with : ])(']. 

ra, on, upon; re. 

■ rd I . oj\ from ; rol . 

• 1 ol. from, by : to) . 

■ val, with ; vcl. 

an. on. n. on . en, on. 



POSTPOSITIONS. 



55 



EXAMPLES. 



HARD-SOUNDING. 
A haz, the house. 
A kazban, in the house. 
A kazba, into the house. 
A kazbol, out of the house. 
A kazhoz, ft? £&e fcrose (as, J 

come to). 
A haziial, 6y {near) the house. 
Az asztal, £/?£ ta^/e. 
Az asztalra, 2^m the table. 
Az asztalrol, /row the table 

(e.g., to fall from). 
Az asztaltol, /row £/ze ta&fe 

(signifying distance). 
Az asztalon, on the table. 
A kovon, on the stone. 



SOFT-SOUNDING. 

A kert, the garden. 
A kertben, in the garden. 
A kertbe, into the garden. 
A kertbol, out of the garden. 
A kerthez, to the garden. 

A kertnel, by the garden. 
A szek, the chair. 
A szekre, upon the chair. 
A szekrol, from the chair. 

A szektol, from the chair. 

A szeken, on the chair. 
Az iivegen, on the glass. 



Val, vel, with, are used when the noun ends in a 
vowel ; otherwise the v of val, vel, is changed into the 
consonant with which the noun ends. 

The short vowels of a noun become long when the 
noun is followed by a postposition : — 

Az alma, the apple ; az almaval, ivith the apple. 
A kard, the sword ; a kardal, with the sword. 
A kefe, the brush : a kefevel, ivith the brush. 
A konyv, the book ; a konyvel, ivith the book. 

The following are examples of the use of the particles 
rolj rol, tol, tol, bol, bol, hoz, ra, re, val, vel, ndl, nel: — 



rolam, of me. 
rolad, of thee. 
rola, of him, her, or it. 



tolem, from or by me. 
tolled, from thee. 
tole, from him. 



56 



POSTPOSITIONS. 



rolimk, qf US. 
r<5iatok, of you. 
rcSlok, of tli cm. 

belolem, out of me. 
beloled, out of thee. 
beloLe, out of him. 

Ivloliink, out of us. 
bel&etek, out of you. 
bel&ok, out oftlicm. 

ram or re&m, om we. 

rati or read, o^ ^ee?. 
ra or rea, on him. 
rank or mink, on us. 
ratok or reatok, on you. 
raj ok or reajok, ow fkw. 

nalam, oy or with me. 
naiad, by thee. 
nala, by him. 



toli'mk, /row us. 
\o\o\vk, from you. 
\o\ok. from them. 

liozzam, to me. 
hozz&d, to thee. 
hozzd, to him. 

liozzank, to us. 
hozzatok, to you. 
hozzajok, to them. 

velem, with me. 
veled, with thee. 
vele, with him. 
veliink, with us. 
veletek, with you. 
velek, with them. 

nalunk, by us. 
nalatok, by you. 
nalok, by them. 



ertiink, for us. 
ertetek, for you. 
ertek, for them. 



To the above may be added the suffix ert, which as a 
pronoun is declined thus : — 

Ovtem, for me. 
erted, for thee. 
erte, for him, her, it. 

Ert joined to a noun remains unchanged in regard to 
the sound; as, hazdm (hard-sounding), my country; 
hazdmfrt, for my country; kertem (soft-sounding), my 
garden ; kertem&rt, for my garden. 

Separate Postpositions. 

Alajtt, under; az asztal alatt. under the table. 
AI;l under (denoting a motion). 



POSTPOSITIONS. 57 

A16\,from under. 

Altai, by : peldam altal, by my example. 

Ellen, against : akaratom ellen, against my wish. 

Elott, before ; az ajto elott, before the door. 

Irant or erant, in respect to : dolgom erant, in respect to my 

business. 
Felett, above : a felhok felett, above the clouds. 
Tele, towards : a haz fele, towards the house. 
Felol, about : dolgom felol beszelt, he spoke about my business. 
Korul, round. 

Kozott or kozt, between, among. 
Koze, among (denoting a motion) . 
K.dzfSl,Jrom among. 
Megett or mogott, near, nigh. 
Mellett or melle, near to. 
Miatt, on account. 

Miilva, past, after : ket nap miilva, after tioo days. 
Szerint or szerent, according to. 
Utan, after. 
Ig, till : ket oraig, till two o'clock. 

Some of these Postpositions take suffixes : as — 

Alatt, under: alattam, under me; alattad, under thee; 

alatta, under him ; alattunk, alattatok, alattok, under us, 

you, them. 
Altai, by : altalam, by me ; altalad, altala, by thee, him, her, 

it ; altalunk, altalatok, altalok, by us, you, them. 
Bennem, in me; benned, in thee; benne, in him, her, it; 

benniink, bennetek, bennok, in us, you, them. 
Ellen, against: ellen em, against me; ellened, ellene, against 

thee, him, her, it ; elleniink, ellenetek, ellenok, against us, 

you, them. 
Helyett, instead of: heljettem, instead of me ; helyetted, 

helyette, instead of thee, him, her ; helyettiink, helyet- 

tetek, helyettok, instead of us, you, them. 



58 PO8TPOBITI0N8. 

KoruL round, korulem, round me; koruled, kdrule, round 

thee, him, her, it; korulunk, koruletek, koruiok, round us, 
m, them. 
btellett, by, near: mellettem, near me; melletted, mellette, 

melletunk, mellettetek, meUettek, near thee, him, us, you, 

them, 
Mian, on account: miattam, on my account; miattad, 

niiatta, niiattiuik. niiatiatok, miattok, on thy, his, our, your, 

their account . 
N* elk ill, without: neikillem, without me; nelkiiled, nelkiile, 

nelkillilnk, nelkilletek, nelkiilok, without thee, him, us, you, 

they, 
Szeiint, according to : szerintem, according to me ; szerinted, 

Bzerinte, szerintiink, szerintetek, szerintek, according to 

thee, him, us, you, them. 
I' tan. after: utanam, after me; utanad, utana, utanunk, 

utanatok, utanok, after thee, him, us, you, them. 

Some Postpositions require that the suffixes n, on, en, 
on, on, should be added to the nouns which they follow j 

as — 

Innen, on this side: a Dunan innen, on this side of the 

Danube. 
Ti'ii. on the other side: a folyamon tul, on the other side of the 

river. 
Kiwi'l, beyond: a kerten kmi'l, beyond the garden, 
Alnl. below: a bazoD alol, below (he house. 
K( ireszl ill. through: az erdou keresztul, through the forest, 
Belol, within: a hazon bjelol, within the house. 
A'i. across: a vizen at, across the water, 
l-Vlul. above: a kovoc feliil, above the stone. 



59 

CHAPTER IX. 

ADVERBS. 

The Adverbs are formed from adjectives. This is done 
in two ways. 

1. By adding an, on, en, to the adjectives; as — 

sze^,fne. szepen, beautifully. 

nagy, great. nagyon, greatly, very. 

okos, prudent. okosan, prudently. 

draga, dear. dragan, dearly. 

magyar, Hungarian. magyaran, in a Hungarian 

manner (openly). 

jobb, better. jobban, in a better manner. 

2. By adding I, ul, ul, to the adjectives; as — 

jo, good. jol, ivell. 

rosz, bad. roszul, badly. 

To the second class belong adjectives formed from the 
names of nations or people ; as — 

Angol, the Englishman. Angolul, English. 

Magyar, the Hungarian. Magyarul, Hungarian. 

Franczia, the Frenchman. Francziaul, French. 

Torok, the Turk. Torokiil, Turkish. 

Nemet, the German. Nemetul, German. 

Ul, ul, added to a noun, sometimes signifies for, or 
as ; as, feleseg, wife ; feleseyul, for or as a wife ; ajdndek, 
a present ; ajdndekul, as a present ; kezes, bail ; kezesiil, 
as a bail. 



00 

CHAPTEB X. 

CONJUNCTIONS. 

The following arc the Conjunctions of most frequent 
occurrence : — 

Es or *s, and. 
Is, also, too. 

Mind — mind, as well as. 
Nemcsak — hanem, not only — but. 
Vagy — vagy, either — or. 
Sem — sem, neither — nor. 
Akar — akar, whether — or. 
Ha,*/ 

Hogy, that, in order. 
Hogy ha, if, in case. 
A mennyiben, in as far. 
De, hanem, but. 
Meg, megis, still, yet. 
Mindazaltal, notwithstanding. 
Mialatt, while. 
Ellenben, whereas. 
Dacz&ra, in spite of. 
Mennel — annal, the — the. 
Holott, whilst, whereas. 
Egyebirant, besides. 
Kiilnmben, besides, else. 
Meri or niivel, for, because. 
\/..'t1, therefore. 
Tcliat, trltcrcfore. 
.Vinl);'ir or unlia, jollehet, although, 
Soha sem, in c< r 
Soha i(')l)l)r. never more 



INTERJECTIONS. 01 

Azomban, however. 

Minekutanna, whereas. 

Tuchii illik, namely, viz. 

Sot, yea. 

Minthogy, whereas, in consideration of. 

Inkabb, or annyival inkabb, the more. 

Valyon? whether? 



CHAPTER XL 
INTERJECTIONS. 

Ejbe! ejnye be! denote admiration; as, ejnye be szep 
leany, oh, what a fine girl ! 

Mi a tatar! (literally, what the Tartar!) expresses sur- 
prise : — what the devil ! zounds ! 

Ho ! hallo ! Vajmi ! vajha ! oh ! Hej ! ah ! 

He ! I say ! hear ! 

Hat ! well ! Ugyan, well. 

Eajta ! nosza utczu rajta ! up ! courage I 

Istenem! God! 



FAMILIAR DIALOGUES. 

Kozbiiseges beszelgetesek. Familiar Dialogues. 

I. 

Jo reggelt, uram ! Good morning, Sir f 

Hogy van on ? How are you ? 

Remelem hogy on jol van. I hope you are well. 



L. 



62 



FAMILIAR DIALOGUES. 



( hrvendek bogy onl l&tom. 
Jd est£t, urak. 

Mi llJ8&g F 

KriTin on1 maradjon eg] 

kirsit . 

I [aza keU mennem. 

RosztO van on F 

Beteg voltani tegnap, de ma- 

jobban vagyok. 
Hogy van Dov6re ? 
Roszifl van o ? 
Etem61em Hogy on jo eges- 

segben van. 
Nagyonjdlvagyok koszonom. 
Hogy vannak mindnyajan 

lionu? 
Mindnvajan jol vannak. 
Mikor lesz szerencsem ont 

meginl latnip 
Micsoda lijsagot tud on? 
Sajnalom bogy on beteg. 
Hogy vannak gvermekei ? 
Hogy van ii(je? 
Orommel hallam hogy test- 

vere jobban van. 
Meglehetos jol van. 
Micsoda betegsi'gc van five- 

ivnck r 
llalloll 01] valami djs&gol 

ma p 
Ncin. iirain. 

[smeri-e on ezen bolg] el F 
En ismerem ot 3 de 6 nem is- 
mcr engem. 



Sir, I (tni happy to see yon. 
Gfood evening, gentlemen 
What news? 
Pray, Sir, stay a little, 

1 uuist go home. 

Arc you unwell? 

I was unwell yesterday, but to 

day I am better. 
Wow is your sister? 
Is sin- unwell ? 
I hope you are in good health. 

I am very well, thank you. 
How do they all do at home ? 

They are all well. 

When shall I have the plea- 
sure of seeing you again ? 

What news do you know ? 

I am sorry that you are ill. 

How do your children do ? 

How does your lady (wife) do? 

I was very glad to hear that 
your sister was better. 

She is pretty well. 

What is your brother's ill- 
ness t 

Have you heard any news to- 
day ? 

No, Sir. 

Do you know this lady ? 

I know her, but -she docs not 
know mc 



FAMILIAR DIALOGUES. 



63 



Nem ismer on engem ? 
Nagyon jol ismerem ont. 
Nagyon orvendek ont lat- 

hatni. 
Mikor fogunk megint talal- 

kozni? 
Jo ejt kivanok. 
Isten veled a viszontlatasig. 



II. 



Beszel on magyarul ? 

Beszelek egy keveset. 

Ert on engemet ? 

Xem erthetem ont. 

On sebesen beszel. 

Hogy tetszik onnek a ma- 

gyar nyelv ? 
Jol ejtem ki ? 
Jo a kiejtesem ? 
3Iily reg taniil on magyarul ? 

Kitol tamilt on magyarul ? 

Beszel on testvere nemetiil f 

Xem, uram, o magyarul be- 
szel. 

Beszeljen valamivel lassab- 
ban, on sebesen beszel. 

Ithon van G. iir ? szeretnem 
ot latni. 

Kivan on angol leczkeket 
venni ? 

()nnek gyakorlatra van sziik- 
ige. 



Do if on not know me ? 
I know you very well. 
I am very glad to see you. 

When shall tee meet again ? 

I wish you good-night. 
Farewell till we meet again. 

Do you speak Hungarian ? 

I speak it a little. 

Do you understand me ? 

I cannot understand you. 

You speak fast. 

How do you like the Hunga- 
rian ? 

Do I pronounce well? 

Is my pronunciation good ? 

How long have you learnt 
Hungarian ? 

From ivhom did you learn 
Hungarian ? 

Does your sister speak Ger- 
man ? 

No, Sir, she speaks Hunga- 
rian. 

Speak a little slower, you 
speak too fast. 

Is Mr. G. at home ? I should 
like to see him. 

Do you tvish to take lessons in 
English ? 

You want practice. 



64 



I IMILl VU 1)1 1LOGUES. 



Besz&jiink angolifl. 

Nem ragyok k6pes 5n1 

Srteni, 
Nt'in adhatn&-e ide tanitoja 

czimzetA i 
Szeretn6k leezket venni. 
Ez lesz leg jobb mod azt 

megtantilni. 
Nem tad nekem egy jo 

tanitot ajanlani ? 
Mindennap kellenc onnek 

tamilni, ha kivan erteni es 

beszelni Angolul. 
Adhat nekem angol olvasasi 

-zabalyokat? 



Let us speak English. 

I (on not able to understand 

IJOU. 

Co id d you not give me the ad- 
dress of your teacher ? 

1 would lake lessons. 

This will be the best way to 
learn it. 

Can you not recommend me a 
good teacher ? 

You must learn every day, if 
you are desirous to speak 
and to know English. 

Can you give me any rules for 
reading English ? 



III. 



llallom hogy a' testvere hol- 
oap fog megerkezni. 

Nfigyon valoszimi'. 

Semmise hihetobb. 

Hiszi on azt ? 

NTem, nram, en nem hihetem, 
mert az nem valoszimi'. 

Nincsen abban semmi lehe- 
tetlens£g. 

Hogy lehet az ? 

En nem caudal kozom azon. 

Meg Lepi az ontp 

[gen, is ez meg dobbent. 

Onnek igaza van. 

Nincsen igazam i 

Xcki nem roll igaza. 

Tudja azt bogy B. iir betegf 



I hear that your sister will 

arrive to-morrow. 
It is very likely. 
Nothing is more probable. 
Do you believe it ? 
No, Sir, I cannot believe it, 

for it is unlikely. 
There is nothing impossible 

in it. 
How can that be ? 
I am not surprised at it. 
Does it surprise you ? 
Yes, Sir, it astonishes me. 
You are right. 
Am I not right t 
He has been wrong. 
Do you know that Mr. B. is 

ill? 



FAMILIAR DIALOGUES. 



65 



Igen is. az nagy kar. 

En nagyon sajnalom, o igen 

jo ember. 
Hozott on jo ujsagot ? 
Igaz az ? 

On bizonyos lehet beime. 
Onnek nines igaza, az nem 

lehet igaz. 
Miert ? biztositom out bogy 

igaz am van. 
Nem szeretem az o szobajat, 

mert igen nagy es magas. 
Miert gyalazza on az o ma- 

gaviseletet ? 
A hajos soha sem teljesitette 

be igeretet. 
Mit igert o" onnek ? 
Azt nem mondhatom onnek. 
Szeretnek egy pohar bort 

inni. 
Kerem adjon egy pohar sert. 
Xagyon sajnalom hogy nem 

adhatok. 
Jo ember onnek fivere ? 
En nem szeretem ot, o na- 
gyon rosz ember. 
Miert nines meg elegedve ? 
Nincsen szek az on szobaja- 

ban? 
Vannak emberek kik soha 

sem isznak bort. 
Nem akar egy findzsa theat 

inni ? 
Ho] volt on tegnap r 



Yes, Sir, it is a great pity. 
I am very sorry for it, lie is a 

very good man. 
Did you bring good news ? 
Is it true ? 

You may be sure of it. 
You are wrong, it cannot be 

true. 
Why? I assure you I am 

right. 
I do not like his room, it is 

very large and high. 
Why do you blame his con- 
duct ? 
The skipper never fulfilled 

his promise. 
What did he promise you ? 
That I cannot tell you. 
I should like to drink a glass 

of wine. 
Pray give me a glass of beer. 
I am very sorry that I 

cannot. 
Is your brother a good man ? 
I do not like him, he is a very 

bad man. 
Why are you not content? 
Is there no chair in your 

room ? 
There are men who never 

drink wine. 
Will you not take a cup of 

tea? 
Where were you yesterday ? 

v 



66 



PAMILIAB DIALOGUES. 



Eb mmdig honn voltam. 
Mil rsin;ill : 

( )lvastam. 



IV. 



ll;in\ 6v68 Oil r 

En lu'isz fives vagyok. 

(in oregebb nallain. de b&ty- 

am a legoregebb. 
On kicsi, fin kissebb vagyok, 

de o Legkissebb. 
\(mii oagyobb-e o minden 

testvfiieinfil ? 
Testverem mindenik kozott 

a legkissebb. 
Kifi az a haz ? 
Ez a haz fivfiremfi. 
Milv szfip konyvei vannak 

pnnek ! 
En szeretem az olvasast, 's 

noverem szereti a zenet. 
Nem csinalhat nekem tollat ? 
Jo toll keszito on ? 
Wkem van ket par uj ezi- 

pom, rs harom p&r csiz- 

mam. 
Az egfisz vU&g tudja azt. 
Eg on semmil sem fcud. 
Jojjon be ha tetszik, — tessfik 

bejonni 
K()-/.oii()Iil1i;i/;! kel] iiicimem 
EHvan foglalva f dolga van ? 
il<.\;i tette on a csizm&mal P 
A/ asztal alati vannak. 
Tedd fel a fcollal az asztalra. 



/ was at home all day. 

What did you do f 
I have been reading. 

I loir old arc you? 

F Chi twenty years old. 

You arc older than I, but my 
brother is the oldest. 

You are little, I am less, but 
he is the least. 

Is he not taller than all his 
brothers ? 

My sister is the least of all. 

Whose house is that ? 
TJiis house is my brother's. 
What fine books you have ! 

1 am fond of reading, and my 
sister is fond of music. 

Could you not make me a pen? 

Are you a good pen-maker ? 

I have two pair of new shoes, 
and three pair of boots. 

All the world knows it. 
And you know nothing. 
Come in, if you please. 

Thank you, I must go home. 
Arc you engaged? 
Where have you put my boots ? 
They are under the table. 
Put the pen upon the table. 



FAMILIAR DIALOGUES. 



67 



Hova tegye o az on kony- 

veit ? 
Bemelem o vissza fog jonni 

ma. 
Sajnalom hogy nem lathatom 

az on testveret. 
Mit mondott o ? 
fin hiszem hogy igen hamar 

itt lesz. 
Mit beszelt onnek ? en nem 

ertettem ot. 
En kaptam ma ket szep 

szeket. 
Mar reg hogy ot nem lat- 

tam. 
Nem johettem onhoz, nem 

volt idom. 
Nem adhatott o onnek egy 

par czizmat ? 
Nem fog on kimenni ma ? 
En szeretnek kimenni, de nem 

mehetek. 
Ki tette a konyveket az asz- 

talra? 

Az on kese nagyon eles. 
Volt-e on valaha London- 
ban? 
Hany orakor kel fel on ? 
En rendesen hatkor kelek. 
Mikor keltfel tegnap ? 

Oltozkodott mar ? 



V. 



Where shall he put your 
books ? 

I hope he will come back to- 
day. 

I am very sorry that I cannot 
see your sister. 

What did he say ? 

I believe he will be here very 
soon. 

Wliat did she tell you ? I did 
not understand her. 

I got two fine chairs to-day. 

It is a long time since I saw 

him. 
I could not come to you, I had 

no time. 
Could he not give you a pair 

of boots ? 
Will you not go out to-day ? 
I should like to go out, but I 

cannot. 
Who has put the books upon 

the table? 

Your knife is too sharp. 

Save you ever been in Lon- 
don? 

At what hour do you rise ? 

I usually rise at six. 

At what time did you rise 
yesterday ? 

Have you dressed yourself 
already ? 

f2 



68 l AM [LIAR Dl ILOOUES. 

\\issa ki az ablakot, igen Open the window, if is too 

meleg van. warm. 

L&tott-e on ralaha oily sz6p Did you ever see such a beau- 

nut : fifi'l lady? 

Nem igen s/rj) a testv6rom i Is not my sister very beaw 

l, Jul? ' 

Mi\ ; rt nem issza meg on ka- Why do you not drink your 

vrjat ': coffee f 

E16g eros a ka\ 6ja F & yoi^r cg^fec strong enough ? 

Vegyen egy kia hiist es to- Take some meat and eggs. 

(in nagyon koran kel fel; You rise too early, you should 

onnek egy kevessel tobbet sleep a little more. 

kellene aludnia. 

Ham drakor kelt fol ma At what hour did your brother 

Bv6re i rise to-day ? 

A tanito fel h£tkor kelt fel. The teacher got up at half- 
past six. 

Etagy hozzon az inas egykis Let the servant briny some 

vi/ct. water. 

Be hozta-e o a keseket es D/^ 7^ bring in the knives 

kanalakat ? and spoons ? 

El6g k6fl t's kaual van. There are knives and spoons 

enough. 

Hoi vcttc on a kesztyuket? Where did you buy the gloves? 

Mit vctt o ma ? What has he bought to-day? 

A/, on k('sc nciN el6g 61es. Your knife is not sharp enough. 

En Boha Bern voltam Parizs- Tha/oe never been at Paris. 

ban, 

Vnh-c (",ii valalia IVstcn ? Hare yon ever been in Pestli '! 

Boha Bern voltam ott. iVb, SSr, Inever was there. 

VI. 

Yarjnii kissr: mondok «>inn-k > s '/'yv a little; I will fell you 

\ a. la mil . something. 



FAMILIAR DIALOGUES. 



69 



Hova megy oly sietve ? 

En haza megyek. 
Maradjon egy kisse lia ligy 

tetszik. 
Hany dra ? 
Epen tizenketto. 
Xem talalta meg on pecse- 

temet ? 
Nagy kar hogy nem talaltam 

ot otthon. 
Ugy talalom hogy az estvek 

kevesse hii'vosek. 
Maradjunk itthon, nagyon 

hideg van. 
Xem maradhatok tovabb mar 

sotet van. 
Mit csinal on ? 
En leveleket irok. 
Mit ivott 6 ? 
Messze lakik on ? 
Nem, nram, en nagyon kozel 

lakom. 
En ligy hiszem hogy o nem 

fog eljonni ma. 
Xem jdhetett on tegnap ? 
Szeretnek valamit enni, na- 
gyon ehes vagyok. 
Vigyazzon ne igyek felette 

sokat. 
Hany orakor negy on agyba ? 
En az agyba megyek fel ti- 

zenegy kor, de a fiverem 

egy negyed kilenczre. 



Where are you going in such 

a hurry ? 
I am going home. 
Stay a little, if you please. 

What o'clock is it? 
It is just tivelve o'clock. 
Save you not found my seal ? 

It is a great pity that I did 

not find him at home. 
I find that the evenings are 

rather cold. 
Let us remain at home, it is 

too cold. 
I cannot stay any longer, it is 

already dark. 
What are you doing ? 
I am writing letters. 
What has he heen drinking ? 
Do you live far off? 
No, Sir, I am living very 

near. 
I suppose that he will not 

come to-day. 
Could you not come yesterday? 
I should like to eat something, 

I am very hungry. 
Take care you do not drink 

too much. 
At what hour do you go to bed? 
I am going to bed at half -past 

ten, but my brother at a 

quarter-past eight. 



TAMILIAN DIALOGUES. 



NagJOD sajiialoin latni hogy 

on a bdnyekel eltagadja. 

Tegyunkegye6ti1 (si'taljunk) 
Ncin mehetek, aram, mar dc\ 

van. 
Az iitcz&k igen hosszak. 
On igen Bebesen jar. 
Az OIYOS m ilvanitotta, hogj 

dnhoz soha Bern fog jonni. 
Mi6ii neyet on? 
Oram, on teved. 
Eagyjui a dolgot holnapra. 

Eladta-e on az atya hazait ? 

Nem tudja on hova tette az 
inaa a tenta-tartot ? 

Ivc'rem adjon egy keves ten- 
tat es papirost. 

Szeretnek egy levelet irni. 

Hozzon nekem egy iv level 
papirost. 

Vigye el a levelet a postara. 

ir<>l \an az rii pecsetem ? 

Itt van. 

Meg i alalia on mar kesz- 
t\ n'it i 

M6g iK'iii, urani. 

(iinick tent&ja man el6g fe- 
kete. 

Cnnii. t'n onnek Bokkal tar- 
fcozom. 

M i \nlt ara a liaznak, niclv- 

et on vettf 



/ dm very sorry to see that 
II on deny the facte. 

Let us take a ivalk. 

I cannot, Sir, it is already 
noon. 

The streets are too long. 

You walk too fast. 

The physician declared that 
he will never come to you. 

Why do you laugh ? 

Sir, you are mistaken. 

Let us put off the matter till 
to-morrow. 

Have you sold your father's 
houses ? 

Do you not know where the 
servant has put the ink- 
stand ? 

Fray give me some ink and 
paper. 

I should like to write a letter. 

Bring me a sheet of letter- 
paper. 

Carry this letter to the post. 

Where is my seal ? 

Here it is, Sir. 

Have you found your gloves 
(already) yet? 

Not yet, Sir. 

Your ink is not black enough. 

Sir, I am greatly indebted to 

you. 
What was the price of the 

house you bought ? 



FAMILIAR DIALOGUES. 



71 



VII. 



Ki adta onnek a papirost ? 
Elfogadja on a levelet ? 
Az ember halando. 
Azon ember, ki nekiink azt 

mondta el ment. 
Ismeri on azon embert ? 
Novere halala volt elritazasa- 

nak oka. 
Az arany becses ercz. 
Ez ugyan azon arany mellyet 

on adott nekem. 
Csinalj nekem egy tollat. 
A szazados elvesztette egyik 

karjat. 
Egy szep fiatal leany. 
Anyam itt volt egesz ido 

alatt. 
Felenyi penz is eleg. 
Adj nekem ket annyit. 
On nagyon jo ember. 
Mily kedves egy hely ez ! 
Meg kapja azt egy ora alatt. 
Egy lovat szeretnek venni. 
]\Ii egy szigeten laknnk. 
Oly nagy kincs ! 
Fel ora alatt keszen lesz. 
On oly olcso art ker. 
On nagyon rovid ideig marad. 
Oly zavarban vagyok ! 
X. lir igen is jo atya. 
Az becsuletes tett volt. 
Tanuljon egy keveset minden 

nap. 



Who gave you the jiaper ? 
Will you accept the letter ? 
Man is mortal. 
The man who told us went 

away. 
Do you know that man ? 
His sister's death was the 

cause of his departure. 
Gold is a precious metal. 
This is the very gold you gave 

me. 
Make me a pen. 
The captain has lost an arm. 

A fine young girl. 

My mother was here all the 

time. 
Half the money is sufficient. 
Give me double the sum. 
You are too good a man. 
How lovely a place is this ! 
You shall have it in an hour. 
I wish to buy a horse. 
We live in an island. 
So great treasure ! 
In half an hour it will be done. 
You ask so low a price. 
You make a short stay. 
I am in such a perplexity. 
Mr. N. is too good a father. 
That was an honest action. 
Learn a little every day. 



72 



l' \ M I LI AK DIALOGI i:s. 



I tt \;in egj alma on sz&m&ra. 

M icsoda orsz£gb<5] vsl6 on $ 

En angol regyok. 

En, uram, magyar \ agyok. 

M icsoda rarosba vs!6 on ? 

Pestre. 

A/, igen Bz6p r&ros. 

Levelel kell trnom. 

J<5 gyaloglrf on f 

Xciii egyike a legjobbaknak. 

Axon ember meg betegedett 

6a meghall ; ismerte onot? 
Csak egynehany perczigtart. 
Mikor Lesz onnek ideje ? 
Nem tii'rhetek oily Mr mat. 
Adliat on nekem egy olyat. 
Nehany Bzep holgy iroltjelen. 
Mily jo egy fiii ez ! 
A/ ido posz. 
Onnek nem kell kimenni 

hideg ido ben. 
8zuks£g eseteben. 
Bgyszer napjabaii. 
A I isztell kozons6g. 
AxLjon egy zseb-kendot. 
Afosd meg az arczodat. 
Vegye le a kalapjat. 
Ki'ts/ci- latogatom meg ot 

egy hdnapban. 
Bzen kesztj unet p&rja ( i %y 

talb'rba kci'iil. 

\ goz g£pe1 egj kozonsegee 
dolgozd, Wait Jakab aevu 

ero-miiV&z tal.-ilta Pel. 



Were is an apple for you. 
What countryman are you? 
I < i m an Englishman. 
I (mi a II a in/a riii, i. Sir 
What city are you of? 
OfPesth. 

If is k very fine (own. 
I must write a letter. 
Are you a good walker ? 

Not one, of Hie best . 

The man fell .sick and died; 
did ij on know him ? 

It lasts but a few minutes. 

When .sit all you have time ? 

I cannot Lear such a noise. 

Can you give me such a one ? 

Some fne ladies iv ere present. 

What a yood hoy this is. 

The weather is bad. 

You must not go out in cold 
weather. 

In case of need. 

Once a day. 

The honourable public. 

Give me a handkerchief. 

Wash your face. 

Take off your hat. 

I pay my visit to him twice in 
a month. 

These gloves cost one dollar a 
pair. 

The steam-engine was invented 
by a common working mecha- 
nic named James Walt. 



FAMILIAR DIALOGUES. 



73 



Nagy sziikseg van esore. 

Egy kiilonos jo baratom. 

TTkrania termekeny orszag, 
's ez elott folytonosan vita 
targya volt Orosz es len- 
gyel orszag kozott. 

A por, hoseg, 's tolongas csak 

nein kialliatatlan volt. 
Ezen beszely angolbol van 

nemetre forditva. 
Gyermek korban hajlandok 

vagymik mindent hinni. 
Szandekom a' jovo heten- 

falnra meimi, es ott ma- 

radni. 
A bankar engem tizenket 

orakor a' borzen var. 
Az angolok es poroszok szo- 

vetsegesek voltak ezen ha- 

boniban. 



There is a great want of rain. 

A particular friend of mine. 

The Ukraine is a fertile 
country, and teas formerly 
the continual apple of con- 
tention between Russia and 
the Poles. 

The dust, heat, and crowd were 
almost insupportable. 

This novel is translated from 
English into German. 

In childhood ice are inclined 
to believe all things. 

I intend to go next week into 
the country, and to stay 
there. 

The banker expects me on 
"Change at tivelve o'clock. 

The English and Prussians 
were allies in this war. 



VIIL 



A becsiUetes ember meg er- 

dem li becsiilesiinket. 
Ez egy natal ember' konyve. 



The honest man deserves our 

esteem. 
This is the book of a young 



A fin egy levelet irt attyanak. The son wrote a letter to his 

father. 
Mi azt az o aimyatol kaptnk. We received it from his 

mother. 
A nok egy idegenrol beszel- The ladies spoke of a foreigner. 

tek. 
A birak ketelkedtek allitasa The judges doubted the truth 
igazs a g an. of h is statement . 



74 



l \MM.I VK DIALOGUES. 



A 



Elete elscJ 6veiben, 

Bzeu kereskedo egy r6gi ba- 

r&tja az ap&mnakj 6s tgen 

gazdag. 
Kfaga a iu' i [) jelleme is meg 

\alto/.ottnak latsxott. 
lvuMjon szamonira egy par 

caizm&t. 
Hideg az ido. 
Vilmosnak nem volt ideje. 
A liazi ur. 
Leicester grof szolgaja. 

lVst varosa. 

A/, irdsban elf&radva. 

Leg idosebb fiverem kocsija. 
Noveremnek kesztyiije. 
Hoi van ezen ajto kulcsa ? 
Londouba fogunk menni. 
Kiildje el azt ocsenek. 
A tabornok nekem baratom. 
Ed ezen embert igen regen 

esmerem*. 
Ezen fal tiz lab magas. 
V lelkesz bement a tem- 

plomba. 
Sokat besz&nek a haboru- 

rol. 
Ed hit tarn fii a/ on ha/ahan. 
Vorosmarfcy 6a Petofi nagy 

koltok. 
A BOD no' az »'n Qagy m'nein 

fivrrc. 



/;/ the first year of his life. 
This merchant is an old friend 
of my father \ and is very 

rich. 
Even the people's character 

seemed changed. 
Send me a pair of boots. 

The weather is cold. 
William had no time. 
Tlie master of the house. 
The servant of the Earl of 

Leicester. 
The town of Pesth. 
Tired oftvriting. 
My eldest brother's coach. 
My sister's glove. 
Where is the key of this door? 
We shall go to London. 
Send it to your brother. 
The general is my friend. 
L have known this man a very 

long time. 
This ivall is ten feet high. 
The clergyman entered the 

church. 
There is much talk of war. 

I saw him in your house. 

Vorosmarty and Petofi are 
great poets. 

That lady is my aunt's bro- 
ther. 



The word ism e rm u sometimes -pelt esmerm or osmemi. 



FAMILIAR DIALOGUES. 



75 



Egy kis fekete felleg. 

Az oszlopok husz lab maga- 

sak. 
Magyar orszag egy a teraie- 

szettol gazdagon megajan- 

dekozott fold. 
Egy szegeny szerencsetlen 

ember. 
Egy hajokkal megrakott- 

folyo. 
A mas vilag. 
Minden kepzelheto farad- 

sagot meg tettem. 
Egy, mind gazdag mind szep 

kolgy. 
Egy oly meggyozo bizonysag. 
A leg szeretetre meltobb tu- 

lajdonok, melyekkel on 

talalkozott. 
Arcza sngarozvan josaggal es 

szivesseggel. 
Ezen magas arnyekos tolgyfa 

alatt. 
A gozhajon jon on ? 

A nep rola beszel, es a sze- 
geny ek aldjak ot. 

A viznek rosz ize van, toltok 
bele egy keves rumot vagy 
bort. 

Sokan kozziilok meghaltak. 

Az on nagyattya maga mond- 
ta nekiink azt. 

Te magad tetted azt. 



A small black cloud. 

The pillars are twenty feet 
high. 

Hungary is a land richly en- 
endowed by nature. 

A poor unfortunate person. 

A river full of ships. 

The world to come. 

I took all pains imaginable. 

A lady both rich and fair. 

A proof so convincing. 
The qualities the most amia- 
ble you ever met toith. 

His countenance beaming with 

kindness and benevolence. 
Under this high shady oak. 

Do you come by the steam- 
boat ? 

Tlie people speak of her, and 
the poor bless her. 

The water has a bad taste, I 
will pour some rum or wine 
into it. 

Many of them are dead. 

Your grandfather told us so 
himself. 

Thou thyself hast done it. 



76 



1' \M 1 LIAR DIALOGUES. 



( kcsem maga eg} ezetl bele. 

A boltos kotelezte mag&l az 
eg6sz oszszeg kifizet£s6re. 

A/. 6n (M'.-ini 6a a/, on& 

A' be anvad 6s az cnvi'm. 
A/ o rokonai * ; s a tirid. 

Leg ahizalosaM) BZolgajft. 

Moml meg nagy batyadnak 

hogy jojjon hozzam. 
Eletiink rovid, hasziuilnunk 

kell idoiiket. 
Ugyan-azon helyen talaltam 

azt a hoi elvesztettein. 
A /on orszag, melynek vedel- 

meben en oly nehez sebet 

kaptam meg van boditra. 
Mi ei6g \ izet k a punk a foly- 

amto] mely kertiink me- 

gett foly. 
Az orvos nem mondhatta meg 

pontosan mi volt a baj. 

Mi iii-iii kaptunk tole levclct 

tiz bdnap nlta. 
M Lcsoda znji liallok ? 
KIcsoda \<>lt az r 
Kir t ■/. a gj urn": 
Mclvik bolgy iicin akart- 

tanczolni r 

Szandeka onnek itt maradni *r 



My yotmger brother himself' 

has consented, 

The shopkeeper has hound 

hi in self to pa if the whole 

sum. 
Mi/ watch ((ml //oars. 
Thy mother and mine. 
//( r relations and tliinc. 
YbliT most humble servant. 
Tell //our uncle to come to 

me. 
Our life is short, we must 

make use of our time. 
I found it in the same place 

(in ivhich) I had lost it. 
The country in whose defence 

I teas so severely wounded 

is conquered. 
We get water from the river 

which flows behind our 

garden. 
The physician could not ex- 
actly say what teas the 

matter. 
We have received no letters 

from him for ten months. 
What noise do I hear ? 
Which man was it ? 
To whom does this ring belong? 
Which lady refused to dance? 



IX. 



Do you, think of remaining 
here ? 



FAMILIAR DIALOGUES. 



77 



Igeu, talan egy nehany napig. 
Hiszi o azt komolyan ? 

Xem, valoban o nem hiszi. 

Mi mindnyajan voltmik egy- 

szer ifjak. 
En kiilonosen elvagyok fog 

lalva ma este. 
En mindeii nap setalok fel 

s' ala szep kertemben. 
En tiidakozodtam a dolog 

felol. 
Az on huga beszelt nekem 

tervezett iitazasarol. 

Tendegeim a napi politika- 

rol beszelgettek. 
A mester oda fent van (az 

emeletben) es oktatja fi- 

gyelmes tanitvanyait. 
Sajat szavai szerint. 
Az, elveim ellen van. 
On engem a kave-hazban fog 

talalni negy ora tajban. 
Mi a folyo menteben setat- 

tunk. 
Mi orulunk az on varatlan 

jo szerencsejen. 
On ot honn fogja talalni. 
Az egybekelese elotti napon. 
Ket oraval megerkezesem 

elott. 
Mi 200 fontra becsiilji 

veszteseget. 



Yes, perhaps a Jew days. 

Does he believe it in good 
earnest ? 

JVo, indeed, he does not be- 
lieve it. 

We all were once young. 

I am particularly engaged 

this evening. 
I tcalk every day round my 

beautiful garden. 
I inquired about the matter. 

Your younger sister spoke to 
me about his intended jour- 
ney. 

My guests conversed about 
the politics of the day. 

The master is upstairs instruc- 
ting his attentive scholars. 

According to his own icords. 
It is against my principles. 
You will find me in the coffee- 
house about four o'clock. 
We walked along the river. 

We rejoice at your unexpected 

good fortune. 
You will find him at home. 
The day before his wedding. 
Two hours before my arrival . 

uljiik a We compute the loss at £200. 



7S 



SYNTAX, 



\. 



A/, m&ttfs&gomon alol van. 
()n engem a hidon alol fog 

tal.'.lni. 

Naey bar&ts&g K'tezik ko- 
zottok. 



// is beneath mj/ dignity. 

You will find me below tin' 
bridge. 

A great friendship exists be- 
tween them. 



SYNTAX. 



ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS IN SENTENCES. 



I x the Hungarian language, the position of the words is 
mainly determined by the degree of prominence and 
emphasis to be given to them, the words which express 
the chief idea being placed before the other members of 
the sentence, and the rest following each other accord- 
ing to their relative importance. The arrangement of 
the words may be greatly varied, especially in a sentence 
which contains a compound verb; the structure of the 
Hungarian language admitting of greater variation than 
that of any other modern European idiom. 

Examples: — En magyar vagyok, I am a Hungarian: 
the emphasis is on the word en, I. — Magyar vagyok en: 
the stress is here on the adjective, magyar. Az anya 
szereti agyermekStj the mother Loves her child. — A gyer- 
jiieket szereti az anya, it is the child the mother loves. — 



SYNTAX. 79 

Az any a a gyermeket szereti : here the subject is em- 
phatic, next the object, but not the verb. Again, elad- 
ni signifies to sell: el signifying away, added to adni, 
which means to give : eladni is thus a compound verb, 
which in the following sentence may be varied in several 
ways; as — 

Az atyam eladta a hazat, ~) 

\? atvam » hazat eladta ( m !/f atJier has sold his house - 

J\.L diV\ dill a lldAdL tJldtlldij \ 

Az atyam a hazat adta el, it is his house my father has sold. 
A hazat adta el az atyam. 
Eladta a hazat az atyam. 
A hazat az atyam adta el. 



NOUNS. 

Christian names are always placed after surnames; 
as, Rdhoczy Gyorgy, George Rahoczy; Kossuth Lajos, 
Louis Kossuth. Nouns denoting dignity or office are 
placed before the surname, but after the christian name ; 
as, Piljpok Horvdth, Bishop Horvath; Gergely Papa, 
Pope Gregory. 

Names of towns, rivers, etc., are followed by the pos- 
sessive suffix ; as, Pest vdrosa, the town of Pesth ; Ba- 
laton tava, the lake of Balaton (the Platten-see) . 

Formation of Derivative Nouns. 

Besides root-nouns, such as kar, arm, szek, chair, there 
are derivative nouns, which are formed from root-nouns, 
adjectives, and verbs. 

Derivative nouns are formed from root-nouns — 1. By 
the addition of the suffix dsz, esz ; as, vad, game, va- 
ddsz, hunter ; hal, fish, haldsz, fisherman \ kert, garden, 



/ 



so 



SYNT \\. 



kertSsZj gardener. 2. By tin 4 suffix sdg } sig; as, csdszdr, 
emperorj czdszdrsdg y empire j herczeg } prince, herczeg* 
sn/ % principality. 

They are formed from adjectives by means of the 
sutlix sdg } s6g : as,/o, good, j6sdg y goodness; szcp> fine, 
sz4ps6g y beauty ; messze, tar, messzesig (or meszszeseg) , 
distance; hamar, quick, hamarsdg } quickness, speed. 

Nouns are formed from verbs by the suffixes at, et, 
hil, tel, etel; also by ds } es ; as — 



akar, he will (root of the 
\rv\) akarni). 

gondol, he ///////-.v. 
felel, he answers. 
it el. he judges. 

kepzel, he imagines. 
Bzeret, he lores. 
eszik, he eats (root, e). 
Iszik, he (J rinks. 
jo, he comes. 
ad, he aires. 
IT, &£ /'-rites. 
Urw he beg 8. 
kt'-r-l. //r asks. 



a karat, the will. 

gondolat, the thought . 
felelet, the ansiver. 
it ('let, the judgment. 
kepzelet, fancy. 
szeretet, the love. 
etel, dish, meat. 
ital, the drink. 
joves*, arrival. 
at las, the giving. 
iras, the writing. 
keres, request. 
kerdes, question. 



Nouns are sometimes formed from verbs by the suf- 
fixes €k y dick, alom, elern, dalom, del em; as — 

in;ir;t(l. he remains. marad£k, remainder. 

fest, he paints. fest^k, colour. 

\wv\\ he measures, nirrtrk, incisure. 

told, he mills. loldalrk, addition. 

jut. it l> chores. jutaloii). reirurd. 



e - i- placed between ili«- 1 \a < » rowels for euphony. 



SYNTAX. 81 

faj, it aches. fajdalom, pain. 

bir, he possesses. birodalom, possession, em- 

pire. 
ir, writes. irodalom, literature. 

enged, he permits. engedelem, permission. 

Some are formed by the addition of omdny, emeny, 
vdny, veny ; as — 

fcud, he Jcnoios. tudomany, knoicledge. 

vet, he sows. vetemeny, the seed. 

ad, he gives. adomany, gift. 

tanit, he teaches. tanitvany, pupil. 

keres, he earns. keresveny, earning. 

alapit, he founds. alapitvany, establishment. 

ADJECTIVES. 

Derivative Adjectives are formed from proper names 
and from nouns. 

Some are formed by the addition of i ; as, Budai, of 
or belonging to Buda; Pesti, of Pesth; Londoni, of 
London; Magyar-orszdg, Hungary, magyar-orszdgi, of 
Hungary; eg, the heaven, egi } heavenly; fold, earth, 
foldiy earthly; Isten, God, isteni, godly; atya, father, 
atyai, fatherly. 

In respect to the names of people or nations, adjec- 
tives and nouns are alike ; as, Angol, an Englishman, or 
English ; Franczia, a Frenchman, or French ; Nemet, a 
German, or German. This is also the case with adjec- 
tives denoting the material of which anything is com- 
posed ; as arany, gold, or golden ; ezust, silver, or made 
of silver. 

By the addition of u, u, adjectives are formed which 

G 



82 



s> \T\\. 



correspond to those in English ending in erf; aajrf, good, 
/tf sztvu, good-hearted. 

Others are formed by the terminations as, os, es> us; 
as, harag, anger, haragos, angry ; /«#£#, pot, fazikas, 

potter; /vr, bloody /vrr.v, bloody. 

The particlo //<7//, fa/an, //r//, telen, atlan, diva, have 
a negative signification ; as, /-///W/, cloth, ruhdtlan, with- 
out cloth i haszon, use, haszontalan, useless ; vallds, 
religion, valldstalan, irreligious ; szerencse, fortune, 
szerencsStlen, unfortunate, unhappy; ?z, taste, flavour, 
(zetlen, tasteless. 

The suffix nyi denotes measure or extent; as, arasz, a 
span, arasznyi, one span long; 67, cord (of wood), hat, 
six, //"/ o//////\ consisting of six cords. 

/?c//' signifies the belonging to something; as, vdros, 
town, vdrosbeli, a man or thing of the town ; h&z, house, 
hdzbeli, belonging to the house. 

Diminutives of both adjectives and nouns are formed 
by the termination acska, ecske ; sometimes also by s, es } 
OS; as, szr//, fine, szepecske, a little fine; kutya, a dog, 
kutydeska, a little dog ; sdrga, yellow, adrgds, yellow- 
ish; setety dark, settles, darkish; fejer, white, fejeres, 
somewhat white. 

Some adjectives are formed from adverbs, by adding 
the letter i: as, ma, to-day, max, of to-day, to-day's ; 
holnapy to-morrow, holnapi, of to-morrow, etc. 

The participle void levo, being, is sometimes used as 
an adjective ; in which case it must be preceded by a 
substantive, with its required postposition ; as, a tem- 
plom, the church ; a templomba, into the church ; a tern- 
plomba rain, being of or belonging to the church. Tenger, 
the sea : tengerre rain, being destined or fit for the sea. 



SYNTAX. 83 

Adjectives, when followed by nouns, are the same for 
both singular and plural ; as, a szep kert, the fine garden ; 
a szep kertek, the fine gardens ; but when they are used 
as predicates, they take the plural suffix ; as, a hciz szep, 
the house is fine ; a hdzak szepek, the houses are fine ; 
o jo, he is good ; ok jok, they are good ; atydm gazdag, 
my father is rich • fiver eim is gazdagok, my brothers are 
also rich. 

PRONOUNS. 

Personal Pronouns, according to the modern rules of 
the language, are generally omitted before verbs, and 
may only be used by way of contrast ; as, vd/rok, I wait ; 
en vdrok, I wait, and not he or they, etc. 

In respect to the Possessive Pronouns, there is a 
perfect analogy to the nouns, as regards the declensions. 

The v, which is inserted for euphony at the end of 
some nouns ending in a vowel, must likewise be added 
to the possessive suffix; as, 16, horse, ace. lovat, — pos- 
sessive, lovam, my horse, lovad, lova, thy, his horse. 

The rule for the omission of o is likewise applicable to 
pronouns; as, dolog, the matter, ace. dolgot, — dolgom, 
dolgod, dolga, my, thy, his matter. 

VEEBS. 

In Hungarian, as has been already seen, there is but 
one auxiliary verb, the rest being supplied either by 
suffixes or by defective verbs. 

Hat, het, answer to the English can, may ; as, irok, I 
write; irhatok, I can write. Kell, must, is defective; 

g 2 



84 



SI \ TAX. 



the literal translation of the conjugation of which would 
be as follows: nekem kell, to me is necessary; neked 
hell, to thee i^ necessary ; neki kell, to him is necessary ; 
nekiink, nektek, nekik kell, to us, you, them is necessary; 
nekem kellett, to me lias been necessary, or I was obliged ; 
nekem keUend, to me will be necessary, etc. 

\ erbs followed by kell take the following suffixes: — 

1. -nom, — neni. mink, — mink. 

2. —nod, — ned. — notok, -netek. 

3. nia. — nie. — niok, — niek 

K apui, to get (hard-sounding). 

kapnom kell, I must get. kapnunk kell, we must get. 

kapnod kell, thou must get. kapnotok kell, you must get. 
kapnia kell, he must get. kapniok kell, they must get. 

Venni, to buy (soft-sounding). 

wnnein kell, I must bug. v^nnunk kell, we must bug. 

yenned kell, thou must hug. veimetek kell, you must hug. 
ven nie kell, he must hug. \< mi niek kell, they must hug. 

The Subjunctive of kell is formed by adding ene ; as, 
kapnom kellene, I ought to get. Kell sometimes signifies 
to wa?it ; as, mi kell ? what do you want ? penz kell, 
money is wanted ; nem kell, it is needless. 

Facultative Verbs. 

The verb can, as already observed, is expressed by hat, 
het; facultative verbs are formed by adding this to the 
root. In general, the third person singular of the 
present tense indicative mood, indefinite form) is the 
root ; as, kapni, to get ; kap, he gets; kerni, to beg; ker, 
be begs. In some verbs, however, especially in the 



SYNTAX. 85 

neuter ones, this third person ends in ik, szik, which 
syllable does not belong to the root. 

The following are verbs, the roots of which may seem 
obscure : — 

Enid, to eat : root, e : eszik, he eats. 

Irnii, to drink: root, i : iszik, he drinks. 

Joni, to come: root, jo : jon, he comes. 

Yemii. to buy : root, ve : vesz, he buys. 

Tenni, to do : root, te : tesz, he does. 

The facultative of these verbs is thus formed : — 

Ehetni, to be able to eat (can eat). 
Ihatni, to be able to drink. 
Johetni, to be able to come. 
Yehetni, to be able to buy. 
Tehetni, to be able to do. 

Suffixes of Verbs. 

The regular suffix of the second person singular (indi- 
cative mood, indefinite) is sz ; as, vdrni, to wait ; vdrsz, 
thou waitest. If the root of a verb ends with two 
consonants, a vowel is placed before the suffix sz, as also 
before the suffixes tok, tek, nak, nek; as, mondani, to 
say, — mondok, mondasz, mond, mondunk, mondatok, 
moadanak ; the pronunciation being thus facilitated. 

Verbs ending in s, z, sz, take in the second person, 
for euphony, the suffix ol, el, 51; as, olvasni, to read; 
olvasol, thou readest (not olvassz) ; keresni, to seek ; 
keresel, thou seekest (not keressz) ; fozni, to cook ; 
foz'ol, thou cookest. The suffix j is likewise changed 
into the s, z, sz, in which the verb ends ; as, olvass (im- 
perative), read thou (not olvasj) ; olvassam (subjunc- 
tive), that I read (not olvasj urn). 



86 SYNTAX. 

\ nl)s ending in at, dt, tt, St, tit, change the t, in the 
subjunctive and imperative, into ss, the characteristic j 
not being euphonious ; as, mutat, he shows, subj. mutass, 
that he may show, mtttassak, that 1 may show j ftft, he 
sees, subj. Aw; /v/, be sous, subj. vess ; fto?, lie binds, 
subj. /io'.vx .- //'/, he beats, subj. /V.sw, etc. Those ending in 
it, if, /, take a single s in the subjunctive and impera- 
tive; as, /t/, he fails, subj. vets; epit, he builds, subj. 
<7>/7.v : kmlt, he exclaims, subj. kidlts. 

Verbs ending in szt, change it, in the subjunctive and 
imperative, into szsz ; as, ereszt, he leaves, subj. ereszsz ; 
Jbrroszt, he tires, subj.forraszsz. 

Verbs ending in d, g, gy, p, t, s, z, sz, take in the 
third person singular of the perfect tense, instead of /, 
the syllable ott ; as — 



PRESENT. 


PERFECT. 


Ad. he gives. 


adott (not adt) 


Fog, he catches. 


fogott. 


Pagy, he is cold (it freezes). 


fagyott. 


Lit, he sees. 


latott. 


V-. he digs. 


asott. 


I !<>/.. he bring 8. 


hozott. 


Vailasz. he chases (hunts). 


vadaszott. 



Monosyllabic verbs with a long (accented) i, although 
by their nature soft-sounding, are conjugated like the 
hard-sounding verbs; as, irni, to write ; sirni, to weep; 
bfmi, to possess j hint, to call: — irok, I write (not trek), 
sfrok, Mr ok, etc. 

On the use of the Indefinite and Definite forms. 

The [ndefinite form is used when the object is not 
determined cither by the article or by a possessive pro- 



SYNTAX. 8? 

noun; as, embert latok, I see a man; levelet irok, 1 
write a letter ; nemetul tudok, I know German. 
The Definite form is used — 

1. If the object is determined by the article, or by a 
demonstrative pronoun ; as, irom a levelet, I write the 
letter; latom a kertet, I see the garden; ismerem ezen 
(or ezt az) embert, I know this or that man ; szeretem 
ezeket a virdgokat, I like these flowers. 

2. In reference to the personal pronoun of 1^e third 
person, o, he, she, ok, they ; as, szeretem ot, I love him, 
her ; latom oket, I see them. 

3. If the verb is followed by a possessive pronoun ; as, 
latom lovamat, I see my horse ; szeretem atydmat, I love 
my father. 

4. In reference to proper names, or to the pronouns 
egyik, one of both, melyik, which of both, mindnydjok, 
all of them ; as, olvasom Byront, I read Byron ; szeretem 
Pdlt, I like Paul ; dicserem Anglidt, I praise England. 

The reciprocal pronouns en magam, I myself, te 
magad, thou thyself, etc., require also the definite form ; 
as, en magam teszem, I do myself, etc. 

Compound Verbs. 

These verbs are formed by adverbs, postpositions, or 
particles, such as at, through ; be, into ; fel, up ; kbrul, 
round ; ki, out ; el, away ; — as, menni, to go ; dtmenni, to 
go through ; bemenni, to go in ; fel or folmenni, to go 
up ; kbrulmenni, to go round, etc. 

These particles are separated from the verb, and 
placed after it — 1. When the word is used interroga- 
tively ; as, mikor jon be ? when do you come in ? miert 
ment el atydm ? why did my father go away ? 2. In the 



* s < s SYNTAX. 

iiijKrutire mood; as. metij el s go awayj menj be, go in- 

In other cases it depends on the emphasis, whether it is 
on the root of the verb, or on the particle; the emphatic 

part of the compound verb always taking precedence. 



REMARKS ON THE ORTHOGRAPHY. 

It was formerly the custom to write ts instead of cs, 
and tz instead of cz ; as, tsak, only (csak) ; tzim, title 
czimj ; the older writers also used 11, pp, in the words 
melyiky which j ol?/an, such; rolam,ofme; milyen, what 
kind ; ('pen, just (in reference to time) ; — as, mellyik, 
o1lyan } millyen, eppen, etc. 

Some modem writers use c, instead of cz ; others use, 
instead of the 6 in r6l } tol (of, from), u; as, rul, tul. 

In the words hoszszu, roszszul, where sz is doubled, 
one sz is sometimes omitted ; as, hoszu, roszul. 



i:\IM.ANATION OF GRAMMATICAL TERMS 
OF LATIN ORIGIN. 

Accusative, negyedik ejtes. 

Adjective, inelleknev. 

Adverb, liatarozo. 

Affix, rag. 

Artier Verb, eselekvS ige, 

Comparison, <-*_ r \ behasonlit£s. 

Positive, elsci fok. 

( Comparative, tndsodik fok. 

Superlative, harmadii fok. 
t Conjugation, hajtogat&a 



SYNTAX. 89 

Conjunctive or Subjunctive Mood, foglalo mod. 

Consonant, massal-hangzo. 

Dative, harmadik ejtes. 

Declension, ejtegetes. 

e. g. (exempli gratia), p. o., peldaiiak okaert. 

etc. (et cetera), stb., 's a tobbi. 

Future, jovendo ido'. 

Genitive, masodik ejtes. 

Gerund, szenielyesito 

Imperative, parancs mod. 

Imperfect, aligmult. 

i. e. (id est), az az. 

Impersonal Verb, szemelytelen ige. 

Indicative, jelento mod. 

Infinitive, hatarozatlan mod. 

Irregular Verb, rendetlen ige. 

Neuter Verb, kozep ige. 

'Nominative, elso ejtes. 

Object, targy. 

Participle, reszesulo. 

Passive Verb, szenvedo ige. 

Plural, tobbes szam. 

Pluperfect, regen mult. 

Preposition, elolutoljaro. 

Present, jelen ido. 

Pronoun, nevmas. 

Person, szemely. 

Boot (radix), torzs, gyok. 

Singular, egyes szam. 

Subject, alapszo, alany. 

viz., (videlicet), t. i., tudni illik. 



90 READING EXERCISES. 

FOKOZATOS OL\ AS.VSI (J VAK.OKLATOK. 
Az emberi Testnek rSszei* 

En ember vagyok. Az emberek tnozognak, ereznek, es 
gondolkoznak. En is mozgom, 6rzek, 6s gondolkozom, es 
[gy t : n is ember vagyok. Az allatok is mozoghatnak es erez- 
hetnek ; de figy mint az emberek nein gondolkozhatnak. 

Az, a mi mozog es erez, a test; a mi pedig gondolkozik, 
az a lrlrk. A testnek harom resze van ; ugy mint, a fo, a 
derek 6s a tagok. A fonek felso reszet agynak nevezik, a 
mely hajjal van benove. Ket felol vannak a halantekok es 
Rilek. Klo'l van az abrazat, a homlok, a ket szem az orr, a 
szaj az ajkakkal, az orczak es all. 

Az ernberli Elet* 

En rick : az az, 6rzek, es gondolkozom. A testemnek 
reszei sziintelen mozgasba vannak. A testem nem minden- 
kor ugyaD azon allapotban van. Neha allok, neha jarkalok, 
ha pedig elfaradok leiilok. Neha lehajlok 's a kezemmel 
tncL r fogom a mit akarok, es felemelem, leteszem, vagy mas- 
nak adorn, a mint nekem tetszik. 

A szemek sziiksegesek latasra, a fiilek hallasra, az orr 
Bzagl&sra, "s a nyelv izlesre. Haegesseges akarok lennisziik- 
a testet etellel es itallal taplalni. Mikor ehetnem, 
akkor eszem ; 6s mikor ihatnam akkor iszom. A tapszereket 
meg rdgom a fogaimma] 6s az iitan lenyelem. Minden eledel 
6s ital a torkomoD altal a gyomromba megy, a mely ezeket a 
mozgas altal meg em6szti. 

A Vilf'uj. 

Bzfl nag] best, a melyen az emberek es allatok Laknak, fdld- 
aek neveztetik. Azt a aagy fc6rl melybeii a fold Lebeg, 6gnek 
nevezik, 



READING EXERCISES. 91 

PROGRESSIVE BEADING EXERCISES. 

The Parts of the Human Body. 

I am a man. Men move, feel, and think. I too move, 
feel, and think ; and thus I am also a man. The animals can 
also move and feel, but like men they cannot think. 

What moves and feels is the body ; but what thinks is the 
soul. The body has three parts, namely, the head, the trunk, 
and the members. The upper part of the head is called the 
crown, which is grown over with hair ; on both sides are the 
temples and the ears. In the front of the face are the fore- 
head, the two eyes, the nose, the mouth, with the lips, the 
cheeks, and the chin. 

Human Life. 

I live ; that is to say, I feel and think. The parts of my 
body are in continual motion. My body is not always in the 
same state. I sometimes stand, sometimes walk, but when 
tired, I sit down. I sometimes bow down and catch with my 
hand what I like ; I lift it up, put it down, or give it to some 
one else, as it pleases me. 

The eyes are necessary for sight, the ears for hearing, the 
nose for smelling, and the tongue for taste. If I want to 
be healthv, it is necessary to feed the body with meat and 
drink. When I am hungry, (then) I eat ; and when I am 
thirsty, (then) I drink. The food I chew with my teeth and 
then swallow. All meat or drink passes through my throat; 
into my stomach, which digests them through motion. 

The World. 

This large body, on which men and animals live, is called 
the earth. That great space in which the earth is suspended 

is called sk\\ 



92 Ki: LDING EXERCISES. 

- ejszaka az 6gen igen sok aprobb es nagyobb 
vil&gos testekel L&tok; ezekel csillagoknak nevezik, 

A csillagok iirm ;ill;m;ik mindenkor egy helyben, hanem 
aziintelei] kerengenek. Elbbol azl latom, bogy az egnek 
oagysdga megm6rhetetlen, minthogy olyan sok nagy testek 
kerenghetnek benne. 

A csillagok tobnyire viMgitd testek, mint a nap; de ne- 
melyek a oapt<51 vilagittatnak meg, es magokban setet testek. 

A mi foldunk hasonlag egy setet csillag, esanap altal vihi- 
gosittatik meg. De a nap nem vilagosithatja meg egyszerre 
a foldet egeszen ; a honnan a fold sziintelen forog, mint e£y 
kerek. 

Midon a napot reggel eloszor meg latjuk, azt mondjuk, 
hog] a nap felkel ; midon pedig este utoljara latjuk, azt 
mondjuk, bogy a nap lemegy vagy lenyugszik. 

Azt a Leg nagyobb csillagot melyet ejjel gyakran latok az 
egen, holdnak kivjak A bold szinten setet csillag, es ezt is 
a nap vilagositja meg, mint a mi foldiinket. Mikor a bold 
ejjel vilagit, azt mondjuk bogy hold-vilag van. Neba egeszen 
hit juk a holdnak azt a felet melyet a nap meg vilagosit, es 
akkor hold-tolte van, ha pedig naprol napra kevesebb vilagos 
reszl hit unk a holdbol, akkor azt mondjuk hogy a hold fogy. 

Az eget, foldet es a csillagokat egyiitt vilagnak nevezik. 

A Fold, 

Az 6gi testek kozott a foldet, a melyen lakom legjobban 
ismerem. 

A Bz&raz fold nem mindenutt egyenlJ; a foldnek egy 
r&ze magasabb a m&s r£sze pedig melyebb; a magas reszt 
dombnak, rag] ha iu r <'ii tfiagae hegynek hivjuk; az alacsony 
n'-/t pcdiu r irolgynek nevezik ; a hoi sem hegyek sem dom- 
bok oincsenek oti rdnasdgvan. Vannak olyan magas hegyek 
i-. melyekeii a Ik') soba ><mm olvad el ; ezeket havasoknak 
aevezik. Dyenek Sfagyar-orszdgban a Earpatok. 



READING EXERCISES. 93 

111 the evening and in the night I see many bright bodies 
in the sky ; these are called stars. 

The stars do not stand always in one place, but move 
round incessantly. From this I see that the greatness of 
the sky is immeasurable, because so many large bodies can 
move in it. 

The stars are mostly bodies giving light, as the sun ; but 
some are lighted by the sun, and are in themselves dark. 

Our earth is likewise a dark star, and is lighted by the 
sun ; but the sun cannot light at once the whole earth ; 
hence the earth moves incessantly like a wheel. 

AVhen we see for the first time the sun in the morning, 
we say, the sun rises ; and when we see him for the last time 
in the evening, we say that the sun goes down, or sets. 

That greatest star, which I often see in the sky in the 
night, is called the moon. The moon is likewise a dark star, 
and is also lighted by the sun, like our earth. When the 
moon shines at night, we say there is moonlight. Some- 
times we see the whole of that part of the moon which the 
sun lights, and then it is the full-moon ; but when, from day 
to day, we see less of the lighted part of the moon, then we 
say that the moon decreases. 

The sky, earth, and stars together are called the universe. 

The Earth. 

Among the heavenly bodies, I know best the earth on 
which I live and dwell. 

The earth is not everywhere equal ; one part of the earth 
is higher and another deeper ; we call the high part hill, and 
if very high we call it mountain, and the low part is called 
valley , where there are no hills or mountains, there is a 
plain. There are also mountains so high that the snow 
upon them never melts; these are called (havas) snowy 
mountains. Such are, in Hungary, the Carpathians. 



9 I READING EXERCISES. 

A Levei 

A levego melj a Eoldel koriilveszi soha Bern eg6szen tiszta ; 
tnive] ez a Cold Bziinteleu go'zolog, mini mis testek. 

A fcdgozdlg£sek a levego felso r6sz6beu ossze gyii'lnek 
*s felholesz belolok. Ha a fellegei aehezek akkor csepen- 
krnt lehullanak, 6s akkor azl mondjuk bogy esoesik. 

A tiszta levego basznos 6s Bziikseges, mind a/, emberi 's 

allati flel trntartasara mind a plant ak novesi're. 

\ levegonek mozgasa, vagy a szel, hasonlokepen igen 
hasznos; inert szarasztja a foldet, elhajtja a fellegeket, 
hajtja a malmokat a szaraz foldon, es a hajokat a tengerem. 

A villamlas rs menydorges sok tekintetben hasznos; 
hivesiti "> fcisztitja a levegot, es elomozditja a foldnek 
termekenyseget : de a menvko a takat szejel hasogatja, a 
hazakat meg gytijtja, az embert es allatot agyon* iiti. 



EEGEK, MESEK, stb. 

Egy hat eves gyermek, rendkiviili tehetsegei miatt tar- 
sas&gba vezettetven, N. kitii'no lelkesz altal egy narancsnak 
jutalmul ajanlataval igy kerdeztetett, "hoi van az Isten?" 
" .Mondja meg nekem," valaszola a fiu, "holnincs, 's en adok 
on nek kettot." 



\. iji- kav/hazba jo'ven, nemely kivancsiak krrdezek mi 
lijs&g? "' llja. valdban," mondo, "611 mint bizonyost tudom 
bogy nia barmincz c/.rv ember felkelt." — "Mi czelra, ke- 
rem?" monda egy m£sik; "mi a szandekuk?" "Hogy 
este ism& Lefekudjenek," v&laszolt 6. 

* Agy Mgniflfta crown ; //////. to Btrike j — arjyon utni, to strike on the 

crown, i, < .. \,, kill. 



READING EXERCISES. 95 



The Air. 



The air which surrounds the earth is never quite pure, 
because the earth continually evaporates like other bodies. 

The evaporations are mixed together in the upper part of 
the air, and they become clouds. When the clouds are 
heavy, they fall down by drops, and then we say it rains (the 
rain falls). 

The pure air is useful and necessary, as well for the pre- 
servation of the life of man and animals, as for the growth 
of plants. 

The movement of the air, or the wind, is likewise very 
useful, for it dries up the earth, drives away the clouds, 
drives the mills on land, and the ships on sea. 

The lightning and thunder are useful in many respects ; 
they cool and clear the air, and promote the fertility of 
the earth ; but the thunderbolt splits trees, sets fire to 
houses, and kills man and animal. 



AXECDOTES, EABLES, etc. 

A child six years of age, being introduced into company 
for his extraordinary abilities, was asked by N., an eminent 
clergyman, " Where is Grod ?" with the offered reward of an 
orange. " Tell me," replied the boy, " where he is not, and 
I will give you two." 

Mr. N., coming into a coffee-house, some inquisitive per- 
sons asked him what news ? " Why, indeed," says he, "I 
have it for certain, that thirty thousand men have risen to- 
day." " To what end, pray ? " said another ; " what do they 
intend to do?" "Why, to go to bed again at night," 
answered he. 



96 READING EXERCISES. 

A rosi fetto, ki Boha aemmi 6rt6kes dolgot Qem mutatott- 
t'cl, egy m.-is helyre menl *s orvos k?n, — ott egy osmerd'se 

talalkoxvati \t'de ki'nlrzie \altozasanalv okat : " Mert," "ligy- 
mond, "ha most bibakat kovetek el a fold takarja," 



Egy j<5 Bzerzetes az [sten hatalmaml ertekezv6n, monda 
bogy a mindenhato* semmit sem teremtett, mi sajat nemeben 
tok6Uetea nem volt. Egy trei'as piipos varva pea az ajtonal 
igy sxolita meg: "Atyam, koszonom onnefc tanitasat, de 

gondolja on valoban, hogy en-peldaul-sajat nememben tok&- 
letes ragyok?" "Igen," valaszolt az atya komolyan, "bi- 
zonyosan egy igen tokelletes piipos. 1 ' 



Egy kereskedo a tengeren kerdeze a hajost mino halallal 
mult ki apja? " Az atyam," mond a hajos, " nagy-atyam 's 
szep-atyam mind vizbe fiiltak." " Hat," valaszola a keres- 
kedo, "'snem fel on szinte a vizbe-fulastol ?" " Kerem," 
mond a hajos, " es mino halallal mult ki az on atya, nagy- 
atya, 's Bzep-atya ? " " Mind az o agyaikban." " J61 van," 
mond a hajos, " 's hat miert feljek en jobban tengerre menni 
mint on az agyba ?" 



A Mansfeldi grof, a tizenhetedik szazad egyik legnagyobb 
vczriv biztos adatokkal birt, miszerent egy gyogy-szen'sz 
jelent£keny oszveget kapott hogy ot megmergezze. A grdf 
elkiildvt'n rrte monda: " Baratom ! en nem hihetem hogy 
egy£n, kinei solia aemmi bajt nem okoztam eltemet elvenni 
ki\;inlia>.-a. I la Bzukseg kenyszeriti ont ily biint kovetni el 
itt a |)('nz. "> Legyen becsuletes ember." 



Egy oskola mestenu?, ki igen piroa krpu volt, neini hibaval 
vadolvan tanit.vanvai egyik£i : az ifjii no tagadta azt, azom- 
b;uj elpinili a vadolasna). " Bizon," mond a mesterno, 



READING EXERCISES. 97 

The bad painter, who had never produced anything of 
worth, went to another place, and became a physician. 
A person who knew him, meeting him there, asked the 
reason of his change. " Because," said he, " if I now commit 
faults, the earth covers them." 



A good friar, preaching upon the power of God, said that 
the Almighty had created nothing but what was perfect in 
its kind. A hunchbacked wag waited for him at the door, 
and said : " Father, I thank you for your sermon ; but do 
you really think that I, for instance, am perfect in my 
kind?" "Yes," said the father, gravely, "a very perfect 
hunchback, surely." 



A merchant, at sea, asked a sailor what death his father 
died ? " My father," said the sailor, " my grandfather, and 
my great-grandfather were all drowned." ""Well," replied 
the merchant, "and are you not afraid of being drowned 
too?" "Pray," said the seaman, "what death did your 
father, grandfather, and great-grandfather die?" "All in 
their beds." " Well," said the sailor, " and why should I be 
afraid of going to sea, more than you are of going to bed ?" 



The Count of Mansfeld, one of the greatest captains of 
the seventeenth century, had certain proofs that an apothe- 
cary had received a considerable sum to poison him. The 
count having sent for him, " My friend," said he, " I cannot 
believe that a person to whom I have never done any harm 
can desire to take away my life. If necessity obliges you to 
commit such a crime, there's money, be an honest man." 



A mistress of a boarding-school, who was very red-faced, 
taxed one of her scholars with some fault ; the young ladj 
denied it, but coloured at the accusation. ' ffaj said the 



ii 



98 HEADING EXERCISE 

"bizonyos vagydk benne bogy annak igaznak kcll Lenni 
merl on elpirrilt. k ' Bocs&nat," valaszol a lednyka, "ez csak 
az on k6p£rei 6szrev6tel." 



Midon Hannibal Antiochus udvaraban volt, nemcly szer- 
Bok Altai mondatik hogy Scipioval talalkozott volna, 'a 
kovetkezc? par-beszed tortent kdztiik. Scipio kerdeze, 
ki kit gondol a lcgnagyobb vezernek?" " Nagy Sandort," 
\ alaszola Hannibal. Scipio ekkor ismet kerdeze, kinek adja 
B leg elso helyet az utan ? 's o valaszolt, " Pyrrhusnak." 
" 'S kinek a harmadikat p" " Magamnak," mond a Cartha- 
g6i, minden ingadozas nelkiil. " 'S ha on felulmu'lt volna 
engem," kerde Scipio mosolyogva, "hova helyezte volna 
magat ?" " Mind ezek folebe," valaszolt Hannibal. 



fctegjegyeztetett miszerint bizonyos fnkar gazdag ember 
soba Bern hivott senkit magahoz ebedre. "fin fogadok," 
mond egy t rotas, "hogy nyerek tole meghivast." A foga- 
das elfogadtattan, o a leg kozelebbi napon e gazdag em- 
ber baxahoz ment azon ido tajban midon tudva volt hogy 
t lu'dm'l iil, b' monda a szolganak hogy neki rogton beszelni 
lull u nival, mivel o megmenthet neki ezer fontot. Az lir 
ki jove, kerde, "Mi az mit on mond, uram ? hogy on meg 
menthol nekem ezer fontot?" " Igen, uram; en meg 
menthetek, azonban latom on ebednel van; en megyek ma- 
gam ia eb6delni, 'a iam6t eljovok." " 0'! kerem, uram, jojjon 
eb6deljen velem." "Uram, alkalmatlan leszek." "Semmi 
i miiv." A meghiv&a elfogadtatott, 'a vege leven az ebed- 
nrk. 'a a csalid \i>za\mm'lvan, "No, uram," mond a hazi gaz- 
most dolgunkra. Kerem fcudassa v£lem mikent mentsem 
en up fontot." "361 van, uram," mond a m&sik, 

•• hallom hogy onnek egy fSrjhez-add Le&nya van ? " " Van." 
ndrkozik o'l fciz ezer fontal kihazasitani." 



READING EXERCISES. 99 

mistress, "I am sure it must be true, for you blush." 
f Pardon me," replied the girl, "it is only the reflection of 
your face." 

While Hannibal was at the court of Antiochus, he is said 
by some authors to have had an interview with Scipio ; and 
that the following dialogue passed between them. Scipio 
asked, "Whom he thought the greatest commander?" 
"Alexander the Great," replied Hannibal. Scipio then 
asked him again, to whom he gave the next place ? He an- 
swered, " To Pyrrhus." " And to whom the third ?" " To 
myself," said the Carthaginian, without any hesitation. 
" But had you overcome me," asked Scipio, smiling, "where 
would you then have placed yourself? " " Above them all," 
answered Hannibal. 



It was observed that a certain covetous rich man never 
invited any one to dine with him. "I will lay a wager," 
said a wag, " I will get an invitation from him." The 
wager being accepted, he went the next day to this rich 
man's house, about the time that he was known to sit 
down to dinner, and told the servant that he must speak 
with his master immediately, for he could save him a 
thousand pounds. Out came his master, and asked, " What 
is this you say, Sir? that you can save me a thousand 
pounds ? " " Tes, Sir, I can : but I see you are at dinner ; 
I will go and dine myself, and call again." " Oh, pray, 
Sir, come and take dinner with me." " Sir, I shall be 
troublesome." " Not at all." The invitation was accepted ; 
and dinner being over, and the family having retired, — 
"Well, Sir," said the man of the house, "now to our busi- 
ness. Pray let me know how T I am to save this thousand 
pounds." "Why, Sir," said the other, "I hear you have 
a daughter to dispose of in marriage P" " 1 have." " And 

«i 2 



100 WADING EXERCISES. 

*' Akki'nt teszek." M Ai esetre adjanekem <Jt, 's en elve- 
Bsem kilencz ezerrel." 



Bgy fir igen nit b&r gazdag not \rev6n f&rjhez, baratjai 
;iltal k^rdeetetetl mik6nt gondolhatott oly nit aszonyali 
h&zass&gra? "Lassatok," valaszola, " 6n sulyra vettem ot, 
'b Bemmit Bern iizettem a divatert." 



A Toledoi ersek, az ablaknal all van, 's latva egy parasztot 
kegyetlenul vemi szamarat, kinyitotta az ablak-szarnyat 
's ki kialtott, " Szii'nj meg, szii'nj meg, gazfi, kiilonben en 
foglak meg korbacsoltatni." " Bocsanat, jo uram," valaszolt 
a paraszt ; " en nem tudtam bogy szamaramnak baratjai 
vannak az udvamal." 



A hatalmas Jupiter, jo kedveben kegyemeket kivant 
osztogatni, 's tronja ele rendelte minden allatnak panaszat, 
'a ime az embere leginkabb ostromla irgalmat. " Neked leg- 
tobbet adtam," mond csudalattal a fo isten, " 's meg is leg- 
tobbek panaszaid! szolj mi ennek oka?" " O' ! a szabad 
akarat," sininkozek az ember, " ez minden bajom kiitfeje 
ez buktat veszelyeimbe ; vedd el, 6 vedd e ket elu fegyvert 
to'lciii. mclv sziintelen a visszaelhetes hatarvonalanal lebeg 
felettem!" " Gyava ! " szolt bosziisan Jupiter, "nem idez- 
telefc most eld'mbe biintetesre, hanem hogy kegyet osszak ; 
'b ezeri nem telyesitem balga kivansagodat. De hogy tii'k- 
rcnljon clotted esztelens£gednek, im teremtek embert szabad 
akarat m'lkiil is, 's ha sorsa meg tetszendik neked am 
cser&j rele." [gy Un ;i majom! de az ember elhalgata a 

■\ol. 



Bgy hired tengeri rabhS-fo'nok tudakoltatvan : mikent tor- 



READING EXERCISES. 101 

that you intend to portion her with ten thousand pounds?" 
"I do so." "In this case, Sir, let me have her, and I will 
take her with nine thousand." 



A gentleman having married an extremely ugly lady, 
though very rich, was asked by his friends how he could 
think of marrying so ordinary a woman? " Look ye," 
answered he, " I bought her by weight, and paid nothing 
for fashion." 



The Archbishop of Toledo, standing at the window, and 
seeing a clown beat his ass most unmercifully, opened the 
casement, and called out, "Have done, have done, you 
scoundrel, else I shall have you whipped." "Your pardon, 
good master," answered the clown; "I did not know my 
ass had friends at court." 



Mighty Jupiter, being in a happy mood, wished to distri- 
bute favours, and he ordered the complaints of all animals to 
be laid before him ; when, lo ! man claimed most largely his 
compassion. " I have given thee most, and still thou hast 
the most complaints," said the great god, amazed; "how 
does it happen ?" " Oh !" replied man, " my free will, this is 
the cause of all my miseries, and brings me into all evil ; 
oh, take away that two-edged sword, which is continually 
liable to be abused." " Imbecile," said Jupiter, angrily, "1 
did not summon thee here to be punished, but that thou 
mightest share my grace ; and therefore will I not fulfil thy 
foolish wish. But that there may be a mirror of thy stu- 
pidity, I shall create a man also without free will ; exchange 
with him if thou pleasest." Thus the ape was created ; but 
man spoke no more of exchanging. 



A well-known pirate chief, on being asked how it hap- 



102 LfiTTEB 

n'nhetett m bogy 6 Ida bajdja erej&rel, az altala meg tama- 
doti nagyobb ertfk elles diadalmaskod& ? "Az eg&us titok 
ebbeo ffll," moncUi a fonok, "hog] csak azon haj6kat lama- 
d;im meg kia erommel mik fel<J] tudtam hogy csak egy£ a 
vagyou rajtuk, a tobbi Ieg6nys6g pedig csak zsoldosj inert 
s/aniithatrk axon rlv csalliat huisa^ara. hogy a zsold olcso az 
6le1 pedig dr&ga." ISTe feledjuk hazafiak e csalhatlan civet, 
ha majd honv6delem felctt tan&cskozunk. 



Borzaszttf haborii diihonge a szaraz foldon. " Mennyivel 
csendesebb a tenger," mond a kereskedo, 's siete atengerre. 
Azomban csak liamar zivatar tamad, 's hajoja veszelybeleven, 
" O'," mond o meg ijedve, " a zajgd hullamok hasonlag vesze- 
delmet hoznak." De nem sokara vigaszt talal azon hitben, 
hogy szaraz fold van kozel, hoi a tenger-vesztoli felelmet 
nyugalom valtandja fel. A kereskedo ismet partra szall, de 
lijolag elremitvc azon liir altal hogy a lakok ember-evak, 's 
hogy ott dogvesz diihong. " O'," keseregve felsohajt, "most 
ertein meg, hogy a nyomor nines kotve helyhez, de az 
Slethez." 



LEVELEK. 

A. TJ'rnak, N he . 

BLedyefl bar&tom ! 

S/andc'kom h'ven kinindulni a videkro, B. lirnak falusi 
bikini meglatogatAsa vrgett, szabadsagot veszek folkerni ont 
hat&rsasAg&va] Bzerencs&tetne. 
Szivea vllaazat varva, 

Vagyok naely tiszteloje, 

N. 



LETTERS. 103 

pened that he vanquished, with the crew of his small vessel, 
larger forces, which he attacked ? " The whole secret consists 
in this," said the pirate, "that I only assault those vessels 
with my small force, the property of which I know belongs 
only to one of them, the rest being mercenaries ; because I 
could reckon on the infallibility of the principle, that mer- 
cenary pay is cheap and life is dear." Patriots ! let us 
not forget this infallible principle, if we are to deliberate 
about the defence of the country. 



A terrible war raged on land. " How much calmer is the 
sea," said the merchant, hastening to sea. A storm soon 
arose, and his vessel being in danger, " Oh ! " said he, alarmed, 
" the towering waves bring perils likewise." But soonhe finds 
comfort in the belief that an island is near, where the fears 
from the danger of the storm will be followed by rest. The 
merchant went on shore again, but was soon terrified by the 
report that the inhabitants were cannibals, and that a pesti- 
lence was raging there. " Oh," he sighed sorrowfully, " now 
I understand that misery is confined not to place, but to 
life." 



LETTEES. 

To Mr. A, at N. 

Dear friend, 

It being my intention to take a ramble in the country, 
to see Mr. B. at his country-seat, I beg leave to ask you to 
favour me with your company. 
Expecting your kind answer, 

I remain, yours most respectfully, 

N. 



10 I LETTERS. 

Vila 
Kill a bar&tom 

Becsea Borail v6ve tudatom onnel, miszerint Lgen 
Bzerencs6snek fogom 6rezni magam, tarsas&g&ba B. Urat 
megldtogathatni, 

1st en onnel, a viszonlatasig. 

H. 



Esztlet U'r! 

lU/van Bzivess6gebe, szabadsagot veszek ont folkemi 
ba nekem Shakspeare munkaibol neluiny napra egy kotetet 
kolcsonoznj meltatnek, mivel igen nagy Bziiksegem van mu- 
lattato olvasmanyra bogy az idot kellemesen toltheasem. 
Bemelve bogy ohajtasom nem biusuland maradok, 
Onnek alazatos szolgaja, 

N. N. 



B. U'r tiszteletenek tudatasa mellett szivesen latandja 
estelyre C. Urat hobiap 8 orakor. 



Meltass6k szivesen fogadni kiilonos tiszteletet C. urnak a 
holnap tartando estelyrei megbivasert, melyben resztvehetni 
Bzerencsejenek tartandja ; azomban bocsanatot kell kernie ha 
Btirget&i dolgai miatt egy oraval kesobb erkeznek. 



Edee Grof U'r! 

AIosi erkezv6n e varosba, szabadsagot veszek ont 

folk£rni, meltassek v6lem tudadni a oapot 6s or&t midoD 

letemei tehessem, oagy fontossagu kozlem6nyeim leven. 

Onnek LegalAzatosabb szolg&ja, 

M. 



LETTERS. 105 

Reply. 

My dear friend, 

Having received your kind note, I beg to inform you 
that I shall feel very happy to accompany you in calling on 
Mr. B. 

Adieu, till we meet again. 

H. 



Sir, 

Trusting to your kindness, I take the liberty to re- 
quest of you the favour of the loan of a volume of Shak- 
speare's works for a few days, as I am in great want of some 
amusing reading to pass the time agreeably. 
Hoping that I shall not be refused, 

I remain, your obedient servant, 

N. N. 



Mr. B. presents his compliments to Mr. C, and begs to 
invite him to an evening party to-morrow at eight o'clock. 



Please to accept the kind respects of Mr. C. for the invi- 
tation for the party of to-morrow evening, in which he will 
feel very happy to take part ; though he must beg to be ex- 
cused if, on account of his pressing business, he can only 
come an hour later. 



Dear Count, 

Having just arrived in this city, I beg leave to re- 
quest that you may be pleased to let me know the day and 
hour I may wait on you, having communications of great 
importance. 

Your most obedient servant, 

M. 



106 LETTERS. 

Eedves Irmam ! 

Mi 6ta haziilrol tavozvan a varosi elct oromeiben 
osztozol*, semmi fciiddsitdsodat nem vehettem; azombaD v&- 
gyam kifejezhetleD I6v6n ballani r61ad, engedd meg bogy 
mi elobbi tud<5sitvAnyodat kerjem. 

Legvel oly igen boldog mint Bzivbol ohajtja, 

lliven olelo, 

ZSELID. 



Edes Zselim, 

E perczben vettem szives eoraidat, 's remelem hogy 
mar megkaptad tudositvanyomat mind azon korulmenyekrol, 
mik teged erdekelnek. 

Engedd meg kifejeznem erantadi testveri szeretetemet, 
melynek oszintesegeben rejlik szivem egyeduli buszkesege. 

Iema'd. 



K. es Tdrsa. 

X. W. U'rnak, 

Szabadsagot vesziink mellekelni onnek mai nap ki- 
fizctett 5000 forintroli kotvenyet. 

Alazatos szolgai, 

K. e's Ta'esa. 



Nyugta 1000, az az ezer eziist forintrol, mely oszveget N. 
D ri«')l mai nap felvettem. 
Pesten, 1852* 6vi Fcbruar, l 8 " jen. 
Az az looo eftrdl N. N. 

* In Hungarian, relatives and intimate friends always use thou and 
id trf you, u^ in English. 



LETTERS. 107 

My dear Mary, 

Since you have left home, and share the pleasures of 
town-life, I have received no intelligence from you. But 
having an inexpressible desire to hear from you, allow me to 
ask that you send me some information as soon as possible. 
May you be as happy as is the hearty wish of 
Your most affectionate 

Angela. 



My dear Angela, 

I have just received your kind note, and hope you 
have already received the intelligence I sent you about the 
affairs in which you are interested. 

Allow me to express to you my sisterly love, in the sin- 
cerity of which consists the only pride of my heart. 

Maby, 



K. and Company. 

To X. W., Esq., 

We take the liberty to enclose your obligation of 
5000 florins, settled to-day. 

Tour most obedient servants, 

K. & Company. 



Eeceipt of one thousand Conv. florins ; which sum I re- 
ceived of Mr. N. this day. 
Pesth, 1st of February, 1852. 

1000 Florins. N. N. 



108 



VOCABULARY. 



The World. 

(A Vilag.) 
Isten, God. 
Egyetem, universe. 
Vilag, world. 
Levego, air. 
TuZyJire. 
Eg, shy. 
Fold, earth. 
Nap, sun. 
Hold, moon. 
Hold-tolte, full-moon. 
U j -hold, new-moon. 
Csillag, star. 
Sugar, team. 
Ustokos-csillag, comet. 
Yilagossag, light. 
Setetseg, darkness. 
Arnyek, shade. 
Eso. rain. 
Meleg, heat. 
Hideg, cold. 
Zivatar, storm. 
Yillam, lightning. 
Yillam-harito, conductor. 
Bienyddrges, thunder. 
Felleg, felho, cloud. 
I do, weather. 



ISzcl, ivind. 

Jegeso, hail. 

Zapor, shower. 

Felho'-szakadas, water-spout. 

Aradas, inundation. 

Ho, snow. 

Fagy, frost. 

Kod, fog. 

Der, ivhite-frost. 

Jeg, ice. 

Olvadas, thaw. 

Harmat, dew. 

Yihar, hurricane. 

Fdld-renges, earthquake. 

Folyo, river. 

Patak, brook. 

To, pond. 

Tenger, sea. 

Dagaly, tide. 

Apaly, ebbs. 

Sziget, island. 

Part, shore. 

Hullani, hab, waves. 

Szikla, rock. 

Del, south. 

Nyugot, west. 

Eszak, north. 

Kelet, east. 



VOCABULARY. 



109 



Hegy, mountain. 
Domb, Jul J. 
Forras, spring. 
Xocsar, marsh. 
Volgy, valley. 
Ret, meadow. 
Mezo, field. 
Siksag, plain. 
Erdo, wood, forest. 
Fiist, smoke. 
Hamu, ashes. 
Szikra, spark. 
Xedvesseg, dampness. 
Szarazsag, dryness. 

Stones and Metals. 

(Kovek 's Erczek.) 
Ko, stone. 
Kova, flint. 
Draga ko, jeivels. 
Marvaiiy, marble. 
Mesz, lime. 
Kreta, chalk. 
Horn ok, sand. 
Kovecs, gravel. 
Agyag, clay. 
Arany, gold. 
Eziist, silver. 
Rez, copper. 
Yas, iron. 
Aczel, steel. 
Czin, tin. 
On, lead. 
Sarga-rez, brass. 



Higany, quicksilver. 
Ken, sulphur. 
Koszen, pit-coals. 

The Human Body. 

(Az Emberi Test.) 
Ember, man. 
Aszony, tcoman. 
JNein, sex. 
G-yermek, child. 
Atya, apa, father. 
Anya, mother. 
Em, boy. 

Leany, girl, maid. 
Fiver, brother. 
Nover, sister. 
Elet, life. 
Halal, death. 
Test, body. 
Tag, limb. 
Fo, head. 

Mell, breast, chest. 
Agyvelo, brains. 
Koponya, skull. 
Haj, hair. 
Arcz, face. 
Homlok, forehead. 
Szem, eye. 
Szemol, eyebroio. 
Fill, ear. 
Orr, nose. 
Szaj, mouth. 
Ajak, lip. 
Fog, tooth. 



110 



VOCABULARY. 



S/ak-il. beard. 

Bajusz, mustachio, 
Bark6, whiski r% 
\\ civ, tongue, 
-All. chin. 
L61ekzet, breath. 
Hang, voice. 
Arez, chick. 

Halantvk, f duple. 
Xvak, ft£0&. 
Torok, throat. 
Nyakcsiga, /?r^;^. 
Viill, shoulder. 
11 at, W&. 

1 1 atgerincz, backbone 
Kar. arm. 
l\(")iiv(")k, elbow. 
Csukld, joint. 
Ki'z, //r//^/. 

Edrom, waiZ. 

Kcln'l, bosom. 
Has, /W/y. 
Bel, bowels. 
Borda, W^. 
Oldal. .svVr. 
Czomb, shanks. 

Ti'rd, / v 
L;il>sza?\ /ry. 

L&bikra, ^v/// 1 

. heel 
L&b, foot. 

Talp, «>fo of the foot, 
Libtijjj, toe. 



I>()V, *£w». 
('soul, bone, 

1 Ius,//r.s7/. 

\Yt, &/cw/. 

Gp, rein. 

Gyomor, stomach 

Sziv, &6or£. 

M&j, K»er. 

Tiido, lungs. 

Uter, pulse. 

1 zzadsag, perspiration 

Erzek, sewse. 

Erzes, feeling. 

Latas, sight. 

Hallas, hearing. 

Szaglas, smell. 

Izles, taste. 

Relationship. 

(Rokonsag.) 
C 1 salad, family. 
Ferj, husband. 
No, w//k 
Ara, Z>mfe. 

Vol egeny, bridegroom . 
Bokon, relation. 
Fiu, sow. 
Le&ny, daughter, 
Ocse, younger brother. 

Batya, ry/r/w brother. 
Hug, younger sister. 
Xc'nr, O^fer sister. 
Testver, brother and sister. 
1 pa, father -in-lcvw, 



VOCABULARY. 



Ill 



Napa, mother-in-law. 

Vo, son-in-law. 
Sogor, brother-in-law. 
Sdgor-no, sister-in-law. 
Nagy-apa, grandfath er. 
Nagy-anya, grandmother. 
Unoka, grandson. 
Nagy batya, uncle. 
Xagy nene, aunt. 
Unoka ocse, nephew. 
Unoka hug, niece. 
Kereszt-apa, godfather. 
Kereszt-fhi, godson. 
Hazassag, marriage. 
Lakadalom, iced ding. 
Oz vegy, widow. 
Hc4zas par, married couple. 
Agg-legeny, old bachelor. 
Hazas ember, married man. 
Xotelen, single man. 
Orokos, heir. 
Arva, orphan. 
Gondnok, guardian. 

Arts, Sciences, and Trades. 
QliiVeszet, Tudomany 's 
Mestersegek.) 
Tudomany, science. 
Ismeret, knoicledge. 
Hittan, divinity. 
Torveny, law. 

I \ tan, chemistry. 
Bolcseszet, philosophy. 
Tanulo, student. 



Egyetem, university. 
Iskola, school. 
Tanar, professor. 
Tanitd, teacher. 
JNyelv, language. 
Zene, music. 
Vivas, fencing. 
Szamtan, mathematics. 
Eajzolas, drawing. 
Konyv, booh. 
Konyv-tar, library. 
Lap, page. 
Czim-lap, title-page. 
Nyomas, type. 
Tartalom, index. 
Eloszo, preface. 
Sor, line. 
Kotet, volume. 
Kiadas, edition. 
Konyv-arus, bookseller. 
Kiado, publisher. 
Hirlap, lijsag, newspaper \ 
Folyd-irat, periodical. 
Kereset, ipar, trade. 
Iparos, tradesman. 
Mu", art. 
Muvesz, artist. 
Munka, work. 
Munkas, workman. 
Nyomdasz, printer. 
Vesnok, engraver. 
Gyaros, manufacturer. 
( j y ar, manufactory . 
Aran y- m lives, goldsmith 



112 



VOCABULARY. 



Nyomda, printing-office. 

Fodrasz, hairdresser. 
As/talos./W Her. 
Acs, earpt nli /'. 

Lakatos, locksmith, 
Czipo-k^szito, shoemaker. 
Szab6j tailor. 

lVk, &a*e#\ 

K on\ v-koto, bookbinder. 
Szij-gyart6, saddler. 
Puska-muves, gunsmith. 
Fazikas, potter. 
Szucs, furrier. 
Bodnar, cooper. 
Eocsis, coachman. 
Kcrtc'sz. gardener. 
Fogadds, innkeeper. 
Pinczer, waiter. 
Lov.isz, groom. 

Of Towns, Buildings, etc. 

(Varosok, Epii'letek, stb.) 
Yams, Zo?67&. 
I ftcza, street. 
Piacz, tri\ square. 
Polgar, citizen 
Lakos, inhabitant. 

I [at<5s&g, mo gist rah'. 

Yams-haz. town-house. 

I } ( >M a-1 1 i vat a L /;o.s7- 0^*06. 

Templom, church. 

Szilihaz, theatre 

Torony, steeple. 
Csengetj u", /W/. 



Pa lot a, palace. 
Kovezet, pavement. 

Janla, side- walks. 
Kiil-varos, suburb. 
Zdlog-haz, pa im-house. 
Vend6glo', //^ZeZ. 
K a ve-liaz, coffee-house. 

Bolt, *//op. 
Kor-haz, hospital. 
Jlaktar, store-house. 
Vasar, market. 
Hid, bridge. 

Adjectives. 
(Melleknevek.) 
Fejer, feher, ivhite. 
Fekete, &Zac#. 
Zold, green. 
Kek, Z^Zwe. 
Veres, voros, r^rf. 
Sarga, yellow. 
Barna, brown. 
Szurkc, yrey. 
Nagy, Z#ry£. 
Kis, kicsiny, small. 
Vastag, foy. 
Sovany, £Am. 
Szeles, broad. 
Keskeny, narrow. 
Magas, &yA. 
Alacsony, Zow. 
M61y, 6/eep. 
ECerek, round. 
Bo, tagas, wufe, 






VOCABULARY. 



113 



Szii'k, tight. 

Szep, beautiful. 

Csinos, fine. 

Takaros, csinos, nice. 

Csiinya, ugly. 

Borzaszto, esiif, shocking. 

Eosz, bad. 

Jo, good. 

Konyu, light, easy. 

Sulyos, heavy. 

Xehez, kerneny, hard. 

Nehez, bajos, difficult. 

Igazsagos, right. 

Igazsagtalan, hibas, wrong. 

Igaz, true. 

Hibas, ^ false. 

8ebes,fast. 

Hosszti, long. 

Eovid, short. 

Magas, tall. 

Egyenes, straight. 

Grorbe, crooked. 

Messze,/^*. 

Kozel, near. 

fides, sweet. 

Keseru, bitter. 

Savanyii, sour. 

Erett, ripe. 

Eretlen, unripe. 

Ures, hollow. 

Eles, sharp. 

Tornpa, blunt. 

Hegyezett, hegyes, pointed. 

Lapalyos, \n])ox,flat. 



Sima, smooth. 
Siklos, sikos, slippery. 
Nyers, raw. 
Zordon, durva, rough. 
Kellemes, agreeable. 
Kellemes, kedves, pleasant. 
Eelseges, delicious. 
Kellemetleu, disagreeable. 
Becsiiletes, honest. 
Becstelen, dishonest. 
Jfyajas, polite. 
Miiveletlen, unpolite. 
Szives, obliging. 
Kegyes szives, kind. 
Okos, prudent. 
Oktalan, imprudent. 
Boles, wise. 
Ostoba, izletlen, dull. 
Egyii'gyu, silly. 
Eorro, hot. 
Meleg, warm. 
Hideg, cold 
Ugyetlen, awkward. 
Nevetseges, ridiculous. 
Bolondos, foolish. 
Meltanyos, okos, reasonable. 
Meltany talan, unreaso n ah le . 
Eszes, sensible. 
Halgatag, discreet. 
Istentelen, gonosz, wicked. 
Aljas, base. 
Gonosz, malicious. 
Tokelletes, perfect. 
Szerencses, boldog, happy 
1 



11 



\ OC kBULARY. 



Boldogtalan, unhappy, 

Vig, gl 

E&6gedett, satisfied. 

Nyomorult, wretched. 

Fiatal, young. 

Oregj vriu old. 

Dj, new. 

Rlenk. BebeSj quick. 

Tovokonv. actiee. 

Holt. dead. 

Rio. living. 

\\l\\cwf(it. 

Sovany, few*. 

Vastag, thick. 

Vi'kony, thin. 

lY'lenk, timid. 
Elegiiletlen, dissatisfied. 

Hazas, no's, married. 
Xotlen, single. 
S/creny, modest. 
Szemtelen, impudent . 
S / 1 m i \ ( 'delyes, passionate. 
Durva, rude. 
Unalmas, tedious. 
Terhes, troublesome. 
\\ < 5 /. ony i i a , in different. 
DolfoBj pajkos, insolent. 
Buszke, proud. 
\\r\\>\\\ haughty. 
B&fcor, 6oW. 
EroSj strong. 
[zmoBj stout. 
Qyenge, wooi. 

|-Y-]t.'krny.yV"/o//.v. 



Szorgalmas, diligent. 

Rest, fogy. 

Eanyag, ?V//r. 

Gkmdatlan, careless. 

Pigyelmes, attendee. 

I Igyes, clever. 

1 1,-ilas. grateful. 

I lalailatlan, ungrateful. 

Engedelmes, obedient. 

Engedetlen, disobedien t . 
Kivancsi, inquisitive. 
Kemeny, fowrf. 
Puha, so/£. 
Lagy, enyhe, w^/r/. 
Vad, wz7g?. 
Szelid, £awz£. 
Szabad 3t /h?e. 
Elnyomott, oppressed. 
Gryonged, tender. 
Jeles, eminent. 
Beteg, sick. 

Eosziil, egvssegtelenul, un- 
well. 
Beteges, sickly. 
Halvany, pale. 
Egesseges, healthy. 
Egessegtelen, gyongelkedo, 

unhealthy. 
Gazdag, rich. 
Szeg6ny, poor. 
■Moztelen, naked. 
Egyszerii'. v iMg< >S, plain. 
Tiszta, clear. 
I\«'m eh nos, convenient. 



VOCABULARY. 



115 



Alkalmas,^. 
Biztos, safe. 
Tele, full 
Ores, empty. 
Vilagos, light. 
Sotet, dark. 
Lassii, slow. 
Sebes, quick. 
Szaraz, dry. 
Nedves, damp. 
Yizes, toet. 
Piszkos, saros, dirty. 
Draga, kedves, dear. 
Olcso, cheap. 
Tiszta, clean 3 . 
Csendes, quiet. 
Keszeg, drunk. 
Ittas, tipsy. 
Jozan, sober. 
Bunds, guilty. 
A'rtatlan, innocent. 
Faradt, tired. 
Haragos, angry. 
Vidam. merry. 
Hasznos, useful. 
Veszelyes, dangerous 

Verbs. 
(I'gek.) 

Enni, to eat. 
Venni, to take. 
Ebedelni, to dine. 
Menni. to go. 

loralni, to sup. 



-Ehezni, to be hungry. 
Szomjazni, to be thirsty. 
Inni, to drink. 

Kionteni, tolteni, to pour out. 
Izlelni, to taste. 
Meginni, to drink off. 
Szolgalni, to help to. 
Talalni, to serve up. 
Bonczolni, to carve. 
Mulattatni, to entertain. 
Leulni, to sit down. 
Felkelni, to rise. 
Menni, to go. 
Elfaradni, to be tired. 
Abnos-lenni, to be sleepy. 
Elaludni, to fall asleep. 
Aludni, to sleep. 
Szundikalni, to take a nap. 
Kipihenni, to rest oneself 
Alniodni, to dream. 
Felebredni, to awake. 
Ebren-lenni, to be awake. 
Hortyogni, to snore. 
Felkolteni, to wake. 
Hivni, to call. 
Felkelni, to get up. 
Oltozkodni, to (fo*ess. 
Levetkezni, to undress. 
Levenni, to take off. 
LeMzni, to pull off. 
G-ombolni, to button. 
Felgombolni, to unbuti 
Mosdani, to wash 
Fesulkodni, to comb. 
j 2 



116 



VOC \IHL.\KV. 



Borotv&Lkozni, to shave. 

Tis/.titani. to clean. 
Krtrhii. to brush. 
Si>t;ilni. jarkalni, to walk. 

ESmenni, to pass by. 
Cimenni, to go out, 

Kli'rkozni. to arrive. 
Cdzelegni, to come near. 
Polytatni, to go on. 
Futni, to ran. 
Ceresztiil menni, to pass 

through. 
Meg&llani, to stop. 
Mar acini, to stag. 
Yi >/.>/. a terni, to return. 
Vis/.sza jo'ni. to come bach. 
Megfordulni, to turn about. 
Jlaladni, to advance. 
Kovetni, to follow. 
El 6 rni, to reach. 
Utolerni, to overtake. 
Talalkozni, to meet. 
Etibemenni, to go to meet. 
Jobbra fordiilni, to turn to 

the right. 
Balra fordtilni, to turn to the 

F&rasztani, to tire. 
Esni, to fall. 
Huk 1 1 i. to tumble. 
Felmenni, to go up. 
Lemenni, to go down. 

Ilirliilni, tO Set out. 

I rgrani, to leap. 



U'sznij to swim. 
Pfirodni, to bathe. 
Lemerulni, to dire. 
Fuladni, to be drowned. 
Lovagolni, to ride. 
Besz&ni, to speak. 
Mondani, elbeszelni, to tell. 
Mondani, to sag. 
Besz61getni, to talk. 
Tarsalogni, to converse. 
Kifejezni, to express. 
Magyarazni, to explain. 
Nyilatkozni, to declare. 
Elbeszelni, to relate. 
Kialtani, to cry. 
Nevetni, to laugh. 
Mosolyogni, to smile. 
Sirni, to weep. 
Kerni, to pray. 
Tiltani, to forbid. 
Rendelni, to order. 
Megbocsatani, to excuse. 
Veszekedni, to quarrel. 
Szidni, to scold. 
Vitatkozni, to dispute. 
Elvalasztani, to disunite. 
Kibekiteni, to reconcile. 
Megvallani, to confess. 
Tagadni, to deny. 
Beleegyezni, to consent. 
Erteni, to understand. 
Gondolkozni, to think. 
II i 1 1 1 1 i , to believe. 
Tiidni. ismerni, to know. 



VOCABULARY. 



117 



Tanulrri, to study. 
Tamiliii, to learn. 
Irni, to write. 
Olvasni, to read. 
Kiejteni, to pronounce. 
Elolvasni, to read over. 
Kitorohii, to strike out. 
Javitani, to correct. 
Atnezrri, to revise. 
Masolni, to copy. 
Ala irni, to sign. 
Pecsetelni, to seal. 
Tamtam, to teach. 
Adni, to give. 
Isnietelni, to repeat. 
Forditani, to translate. 
Kezdeni, to leg in. 
Elhagjni, to leave off. 
Csalatkozni, to he mistaken. 
Haladni, to improve. 
Megenilekezni, to recollect. 
Elfelejteni, to forget. 
Igerni, to promise. 
Tartani, to keep. 
Hatarozni, to resolve. 
Eldonteni, to decide. 
Elhalasztani, to put off. 
Megijedni, to be afraid. 
Yarni, to expect. 
Inditvanyozni, to propose. 
Ajanlani, to recommend. 
Dicsekedni, to boast. 
Tiidositani, to inform. 
Tudatni, to let know. 



Tudtiil adni, to give notice. 
Kapni, to get. 
Kapni, to receive. 
Atadni, to deliver. 
Kiildeni, to send. 
Venrri, to buy. 

Vasart-csapni, to make a bar- 
gain. 
Eladni, to sell. 
Alkudozni, to haggle. 
Parancsolni, to bid. 
Fizetni, to pay. 
Szamolni, to count. 
Szainitani, to calculate. 
Megegyezni, to agree. 
Tartozni, to owe. 
Kesz lenni, to be ready. 
Ellatni, to furnish. 
Kezbesiteni, to forward. 
Elkiildeni, to send off. 
Felemelni, to rise. 
Leszallitani, to lower. 
Esni, to fall. 
Biztositani, to insure. 
Iktatni, to book. 
Beirni, to enter. 
Bejdnni, to come in. 
Feljegyezni, to note. 
Megcsalni, to cheat. 
Bepakolni,berakni, to pack up 
Nyitni, to open. 
Tartani, to keep. 
Visszavenni, to take back. 
Cserelnijfo make an exchange. 



118 



VOC LBULAR1 , 



Substantives. 

(F6 Xc-vrk.) 

Elelem-szer, victuals. 

Etek, ru !. meats. 

Tal-ricl. meal. 

Eb£d, dinner. 

Reggeli, breakfast. 

Vill&s-reggeli, luncheon . 

Lakoma, banquet. 

Fa -lap, dinner-card. 

Kcuycv, bread. 

Barna kenyer, brown bread. 

Fej^r kcnvor, wheaten bread. 

Zsemje, roK. 

Kalacs, cy/Zy-. 

V :\}i\>kcn\6r, bread and hitter . 

Pirifcos, fcws^. 

Torta, to'/. 

Csemege, dessert. 

Pecsenye, ?ws£ ?;ze<7/. 

Main as. le, gravy. 

1 1 ds, 0t6#£. 

Marha hiis, />rr/l 

Disznd hiis, yYor&. 

Baranv hiis, mil Hon. 

Bomyii hiis, ?vW. 
Sos-lnis, snjf meat. 

Vad- *W (oar. 

\yiii. Sort . 
laid, //-/' 

s.mI.-it. sunka* ham 
eon 



S/;inivas./^/r/. 
Csirke, chicken, 
Pulyka, turkey, 
Kacsa, duck. 

( talamb, pigeon, 

Baranv czomb, leg of mutton 

Tcszta, nicul-jneuf . 

Tcj e s 6 t el, m ilk-meat . 

Zoldseg, greens. 

Paraj, spinach. 

Petrezselem, parsley. 

Kel-kaposzta, cabbage. 

Zold borso, green peas. 

Ugorka, cucumber. 

Zeller, celery. 

Borso, peas. 

Lencse, lentil. 

Salata, salad. 

Befozott, compot. 

Burgonya, potato. 

Fejer-repa, carrot. 

Bors, pepper. 

So, salt. 

Fii'szer, spice. 

Cziikor, sugar. 

Olaj, oil. 

Tojas, egg. 

Liszt, flour. 

Mezcs-kalacs, ginger-bread. 

Vaj, butter. 

Sajt, cheese. 

( 1 villi idles, J'ri'if 

Tea, tea. 
\\{\\(\ coffee. 



VOCABULARY. 



119 



Bor. wine. 

Ser, beer. 
Tej, milk. 
Tejfel, cream. 

Dressing. 

(Oltozek.) 
Rukazat, dress. 
Rabat, coat. 
Felso-kabat, great-coat. 
Frafck, dress-coat. 
Xadrag, pantaloons. 
Graller, collar. 
Ujjak, sleeves. 
Zseb, pocket. 
Gromb, button. 
Gromb-lyuk, button-hole. 
Kopeny, cloak. 
Beg-oltony, morning-gown. 
Melleny, waistcoat. 
Papucs, slipper. 
Czipo. shoe. 
Czizma, boot. 
Ing, shirt. 
Xyak-koto, cravat. 
Kalap, hat. 
Sapka, cap. 
Kesztyii'. glove. 
Zseb-kendo, liandkerck icf. 
Zseb-ora, watch. 
Bot, stick. 
Esernyo, umbrella. 
Erszeny, pv/rse. 
Kefe, brush. 



Fog-kefe, tooth-brash. 
Haj-kefe, hair-brush. 
Fesii', comb. 

Level-tarcza, pocket-book. 
Poszto, cloth. 
Vaszon, linen. 
Selyem, silk. 
G-yapjii, gyapot, wool. 
Paniut, cotton. 

Furniture and Utensils. 
(Biitorzat 's Haziezkozok.) 

Biitorzott-szoba, furnished 

room. 
Karpit, tapestry. 
Szonyeg, carpet. 
Asztal, table. 
Fiokos-szekreny, chest of 

drawers. 
Szek, chair. 
Karszek, arm-chair. 
Kerevet, sofa. 
Fiiggdny, curtain. 
Vankos, cushion. 
Tukor, glass, mirror. 
A'gy, bed. 
Paplan, coverlet. 
Parna, pilloiv. 
Lepedo, sheet. 
Gryerty a-tart 6, candlestick . 
Gyertya, light. 
Ham v-vevo, sn uffen 
I'ro-szekrenv, desk. 



120 



VOCABULARY. 



L6gm6ro, barometer, 
I IrYnuTo, thermometi r, 

Parts of a Souse. 

( A Max Keszei.) 

Szoba, room. 
Lakszoba, sitting-room. 

Ilaloszoba, bed- room. 
T&rsalg6-terem, drawing- 
room. 

Et-terem, ebedlo', dining- 
room. 
Terem, saloon. 
Szallas, lakas, lodging. 
En ) clet, story. 
Kohls/in, (/round-floor. 
L6pcso, garadics, stairs. 
Eloterem, antechamber. 
Tornacz, entrance-hall. 
\\ »1 yoso, corridor, 'passage. 
Kapu, street-door. 
Ajt<5, door. 
Krkrly, balcony. 
Ablak, window. 
Tsls,j 9 floor. 
Kandalh). chimney. 
Konvlia. kitchen. 

i Days and Seasons.) 
\;ij)ok 6a Evszak. 

V;i-;irn;i|>. Sunday. 

Hit to. Monday, 
Kc(l<l. Tuesday. 



Szerda, Wednesday. 

Csutdrtok, Thui *sday , 

Prnl ek, Friday. 
Szombat, Saturday . 
ld(), time. 
ESvszak, season. 

Tavasz, spring. 

Nyar, summer. 

0"sz, autumn. 

Tel, winter. 

Ev, esztendo, year. 

8zoko-ev, leap-year. 

Szazad, century. 

Het, week. 

Nap, cfay. 

O'ra, hour. 

I'Yldra, half-an-hour. 

Negyed ora, quart er-of-au- 

Jiour. 
Perez, minute. 
Pillanat, moment. 
Reg, reggel, morning. 
Del, noon. 

Del-utan, afternoon. 
Este, evening. 
Alkony, dusk. 
Ej, ej-szaka, night. 
Ejiel, midnight. 
I lajnal, daybreak. 
Nap-lemenet, sunset. 
Nap-kelet, sunrise. 

Kezdet. ///r beginning. 
\\ <">/.<' | ). middle. 



VOCABULARY. 



121 



Months. 
(Honapok.) 
Januar # , January. 
Februar, February. 
Martius, March. 
April, April. 
Majlis, May. 
Junius, June. 
Julius, July. 
Augustus, August. 
September, September. 
October, October. 
November, November. 
December, December. 

Military Expressions. 
(Katonai Kifejezesek.) 

Sereg, army. 
Had, war. 
Katona, militia. 
Katonasag, military. 
Koz-ember, soldier. 
Tizedes, corporal. 
O'rmester, sergeant. 
Zaszlo tarto, standard-bear 

guidon. 
Hadnagy, lieutenant. 
Szazados, captain. 
O'rnagy, major. 
Ezredes, colonel. 
Tabornok, general. 
Tabornagy, marshal. 

* Some writers use, instead 

hannadhcj) etc. 



Csata, battle. 

Tabor, camp. 

Csata-rend, battle-array. 

Gryalog, foot-soldier. 

Lovas, horseman. 

Gyalogsag, infantry. 

Lovassag, cavalry. 

Kard, sword. 

Puska, gun. 

Szurony, bayonet. 

Tiizer, artilleryman. 

Tiizerseg, artillery. 

Agyu, cannon. 

Uteg, battery. 

Tamadas, attack. 

Vedelem, defence. 

Sancz, trench. 

Elo-ors, out-guard. 

Ostrom, siege. 

Torlasz, barricade. 

Vivni, to fight. 

Lord, to shoot. 

Torzs, staff. 

Torzs tiszt, staff-officer. 
er, Tabor-kar, generality. 

Seged- tiszt, aide-de-cam]). 

Utasz, pioneer. 

Hidasz, pontoneer. 

Arkasz, miner, sapper. 

L os z er , amm unition . 

Lo-por, gunpowder. 

Golyo, ball. 
oiJanua/f^ Februar, etc., eldhS^ mdsodhd, 



122 



\ OCABULARl • 



Roppentj ii. rocket . 

\ i7.rii\ leni, to command. 
\ c/.c\\ lead* /•. 

Poi ez6r, commander-in-chief, 
Parancsnok, commander. 
1\> badi s/.;ill,-is, head-quarter 8. 
Szazad, company, 
Zaszl6-alj, battalion. 
Ezred, regiment. 
Had-test, arnnj-corps. 
Elo-csapat, advanced-guard. 
CTtd-csapat, rear-guard. 
Gyozelem, victor//. 

Clrristia.il Names. 

(Kereszt Nevek.) 
Zseli, Angela, Angela. 
Adulph, Adolphus. 
Agnes, Agnes. 
S&ndor, Alexander. 
Amalia, ZVLali, Amelia. 
Bndre, Andrew. 
Nina, Ann. 

Antal. An than//. 
ii. Anfonia. 
.. Augusti 
A Iberl , Bartholomew. 
Berta, Bertha. 
Biri, Borb&la, Barbara. 
Im'hl Zfofft. 
Blanka, Blanche. 
Balazs, Blai 
Rrfbert, Eofer*. 
Karoly, Charli s 



Sarolta, Charlotte. 

Kjistof, ( 'hrisfopher. 

klari, Clara. 

Kali. Catherine. 

Sxilard, Constance. 

Dani, Daniel, Daniel 

David, David. 
Denes, Dionysius. 
Ede, Edward. 
Erzsi, Elizabeth. 
Mili, Emilia, .Ewii/y. 
Imre, Enteric. 
Erno, Ernest. 
Jeno, Eugene. 
Zseui, Eugenia. 
Emma, Emma. 
Pani, Frances. 
Ferencz, Francis 
Frigyes, Frederick. 

Gy 5r gy> GW?*- 

Grergely, Gregory. 
G-uido, 6fy?/. 
Henrik, Henry. 
Helen, Helena. 
Isabella, Isabel. 
Anna, J<me. 
.i alios, Jo/m. 
Jakob, James. 
Josef, Joseph. 
Josefina, Josephine. 
Jnli, Julia. 
(i villa, Julias. 
kali nan. Cohnan 
Lajos, Lewis. 



VOCABULARY. 



123 



Luisa, Louisa. 
Magdolna, Magdalene. 
Margit, Margaret. 
Matild, Matilda. 
Matyas, Matthias. 
Mdr, Maurice. 
Miliary, Michael. 
Miklos, Nicholas. 
Pal Paul. 
Peter, Peter. 
Pliilep, Philip. 
Roza, Pose. 
Rupert, Rupert. 
Zsigmond, Sigisniund. 
Zsofi, Sophia. 
Istran, Stephen. 
Tivadar, Theodore. 
Terez, Theresa. 
Balint, Valentine. 
Venus, Venus. 
G-yozo, Victor. 
Victoria. Victoria. 
Vincze, Vincent. 
Virginia, Virginia. 
Vencel, Winceslaus. 
Vilma, Wilhelmina. 
Vilmos, William. 

Proper Names. 
(Tulajdon Nevek.) 
Europa, Europe. 
Azsia, Asia. 
A'frika, Africa. 
Arnerika, America. 



Australia, Australia. 
Anglia, England. 
Angol, English. 
Frankhon, or Franczia-or- 

szag, France. 
Franczia, French. 
Magyar-orszag, Hungary. 
Magyar, Hungarian. 
Nemet-orszag, Germany. 
Neinet, German. 
Torokhon, Turkey. 
Torok, Turk. 
Olaszhon, Italy. 
Olasz, Italian. 
Oroszbon, Russia. 
Orosz, Russian. 
Austria, Austria. 
Osztrak, Austrian. 
Swaicz, Switzerland. 
Norvegia, Norway. 
Gorog-orszag, Greece. 
Olah-orszag, Wallachia. 
Spanyol-orszag, Spam. 
Lengyel-orszag, Poland. 
Belgium, Belgium. 
Porosz-orszag, Prussia. 
Porosz, Prussian. 
Scoczia, Scotland. 
Parizs, Paris. 
Bees, Vienna. 
Pest, Pesih. 
Duna, Danube. 
Temzse, Theme* 
Koln, Cologne 



1 2 I 



KOLTEMENYEK. 



SZO'ZAT. 

1 lazaduak renduletlenul 
Legy hive, oh Magyar ; 

Bolcsod az 's majdan sirod is 
Mely apol 's eltakar. 

A oagy vilagon e kiviil 
Nincsen szamodra hely, 

Aldjon vagy verjen sors keze 
Itt elned halnod kell. 

Rz a fold, melyen annyiszor 

Apaid vere folyt ; 
Ez, melyhez minden szent nevet 

Egy ezred-ev csatolt. 

Itt kiizdtenek honert a hos 

AYpadnak hadai, 
Itt tortek oszve rabigat 

Hunyadnak karjai 

Szabadsag ! Ltteii hordozak 

V6res Zaszl6idat, 
's elhtiltanak legjobbjaini 

A hoszszu barcz alatt. 



125 



. POETRY. 



AN APPEAL 

Be true to the land of thy birth, 

Son of the Magyar race ; 
It nourish' d, nursed, and soon its earth 

Will be thy resting-place. 

AVhat though the world is very wide, 
No land with thine can vie ; 

Come weal or woe on fortune's tide, 
Here must thou live and die. 

Behold the dear, the hallow' d soil, 

On which our fathers bled ; 
Lo ! here ten centuries of toil 

Have bound the mighty dead. 

The foemen's ranks our heroes broke 

Of Arpad's martial band ; 
And Huniad's arms from slavery's yoke 

Once freed our Fatherland. 

Here did thy flag, O Freedom, swell, 

And red o'er battle wave ; 
In long and deadly fight here fell 

The bravest of the brave. 



26 POETRY, 

annyi balszerencse kozt, 

( )\\ Boh \ is/./ilv ut, -in 

Meg fogyva b&r, de fcorve nem, 
fil nemzel e haz&n. 

s n£pek hazaja, oagy vil&g! 

llo/zad batran kialt : 
wl Egy ezred-evi szenvedrs 
Kcr eltet vagy halalt!" 

Az nem lehet, hogy annyi sziv 

Uiciba outa vert, 
'S keservben annyi hu kebel 

Szakad meg a honert. 

Az nem lehet, hogy esz, ero 
Es annyi szent akarat 

ITiaba sorvadozzanak 
Egy at ok suly alatt. 

Meg joni kell, meg joni fog 
Egy jobb kor, mely utan 

Buzgd imadsag epedez, 
Szaz ezrek ajakan. 

Vagy joni fog, ha joni kell, 
A oagy szeru halal, 

llol a temetkez£s folott 
Egy orszag v&rben all ; 

"s a Birl bol nemzet &ulyed el, 
\rpck veszik korul, 
az ember millidinak 

skony ul 



POETRY. 1*2? 

In spite of fortune's angry frown. 
Through war and strife's fell reign, 

Though bent, yet never broken down, 
Our people still remain. 

The mighty world, the common land 

Of many nations, saith : 
" Ten centuries of war demand 

The fight for life or death !" 

It cannot be, that patriots true 

In freedom's cause so slain — 
And hearts by sorrow broken too — 

Were sacrificed in vain. 

Such mind and strength and purpose high. 

They surely cannot be 
Foredoom' d to wither, droop, and die 

By stern Fate's dark decree. 

A time will come — a better time, 

Must come, to hope we dare ; 
Millions of fervent hearts incline 

To raise the nation's prayer. 



But should there come a moment dread, 

An awful stroke of doom, 
A people's blood for Freedom shed 

Shall lave our country's tomb; 

The land in which a nation dies 

All peoples will revere ; 
And millions then of weeping eyes 

Will drop the mourning tear. 






128 POST&Y. 

Legy hive renduletlenul 
1 [az&dnak, oh Magyar ! 

Ez eltetml \s ha elbuk4l 

Hantjaval ez takar. 

A Qagy vil&gOD c kivu'l 

Nincsen Bz&modra bely ; 
A'hljon iragy verjen sors keze 

Itt elned halnod kell. 

VOROSMAETY. 



HALALOM. 

I la az lsten ekkep szolna hozzam : 

" Fiain, en neked megengedem, 
Hogy ugy halj meg, mint magadnak tetszik," 

Erre kernem akkor Istenem : 

Legyen osz, de szep, szelid, deriilt oaz, 

Sarga lombon fenyes napsugar; 
S&rga lomb kozt zengje vegdalat egy, 

A tavasztol elmaradt mariar. 

\S valaniint az 6'szi termeszetre, 

A lialal jon eszrevetleniil : 
fin nam is igy jojoD . . . csak akkor 

Vegyem 6szre, ha mellettem iil. 

Bkkor, mini a Lombon a madarka 

Zengjem 6n ba el r6gdalomat; 
Buvoa bangon mely le a Bzivekneh 

Fenek6re >' R>] az egbe bat. 






POETRY. 129 

True to thy land with steadfast faith 

Ever then, Magyar, be ! 
In life it nourished thee — in death 

Its turf will cover thee. 

What though the world is very wide, 

No land with thine can vie ; 
Come weal or woe on fortune's tide. 

Here must thou live and die. 

W. Jaffray. 



MY DEATH* 

If the Lord from heaven His voice would utter : 
" Hark, my son ! I proffer now to thee — 

Choose thy death, and death shall do thy bidding !" 
This my only prayer to God would be : 

Be it autumn — clear and lovely autumn — 

Yellow leaf lit up by sunny ray : 
Let there sing its parting lay a robin. 

Left behind by the departed May. 

When the destined hour arrives to Nature, 
Death on Autumn steals with noiseless pace ; 

So may Death unseen, unfelt, approach me, 
Shrouded, till his breath has touch'd my face. 

Like the bird then warbling on the branches, 

Let me chant a lay before I die ; 
Notes which search, and fill the heart's recesses — 

Notes which soar and strike the lofty sky. 

* This translation is taken from the highly interesting work entitled 
1 Tales and Traditions of Hungary, by Francis and Theresa Pulszky.' 

K 



180 POETR1 . 

Rs ha rige a rar&zs6nekiiek : 

Ajkainiat egy cstffa zarja be 

A be csakod, Bzake sz6p Le&ny, fce 

Foldi lriiyck legdicsobbike ! 

De ha (v.i Qem engedne* az Isten, 
Krriirni akkor, hogy tavasz Legyen, 

Earcz tavasza hoi rozsak teremnek, 
Veres rozsak, ferfi keblekon. 

'S lelkesitve zengjenek a harczok 
Csaloganyai, a trombitak. 

Ott legyek, 's az en szivembol szinte 
Nqjon egy halalos vervirag. 

'S ha ledolok ekkor paripamrol : 
Ajkaimat egy csok zarja be, 

A te csokod te szep szabadsag, te 
Egi lenyek legdicsobbike ! 



TALPRA, MAGYAE. 

Talpra, Magyar! hi a haza! 

Itt az ido, most vagy soha ! 
Rahok legyunk vagy szabadok, 

Ez a kerd£a valaszszafok ! 
A magyarob isten&e eskuszunk, 
Babok fcov&bb Qem lesziink. 



Petofi. 



POETRY. 131 

When my parting song shall thus be ended, 

May my lips be sealed with a kiss — 
Kiss of love from thee, my lovely maiden — 

Fairest, dearest girl, my earthly bliss ! 

But if Power above such fate refuse me, 
Let me, then, in Spring be call'd to rest ; 

Spring of mighty war, when roses blossom, 
Bloody roses, on the warrior's breast ! 

Then with sounds soul-stirring let the trumpet — 
Nightingale of war — be heard to sound : 

Whilst with gory roses on my bosom, 
Hero-like, in death, I seek the ground ! 

When my weight drops swooning from the saddle, 

May my lips be sealed by a kiss — 
Kiss from thee, O Freedom ! heavenly maiden ! 



Glorious Freedom ! thou my heavenly bliss 



ARISE, HUNGARIANS! 

Arise, Hungarians ! hear your country's call, 
The hour is come, — the hour to do or die, 

Freemen to stand, or freemen still to fall — 
Say will ye fight for Hungary's liberty ? 

By the great God of Hungary we swear, 

The yoke of slaves we will no longer bear ! 



k 2 



132 POBTRY. 

l\;ihok volt unk mostanaig ; 

EL&rhozottak osapaink, 
Kik Bsabadoo rltrk haltak, 

Ssolga foldoD nem ayughatnak. 
A magyarok istenere eskuszunk, 

Rabok tovabb nom lesziink. 



Fenyesebb a lancznal a kard, 
Jobban ekesiti a kart ? 

Rs mi meg is lanczot hordunk 
Ide vele regi kardunk ! 

A magyarok istenere eskiisziink, 

Rabok tovabb nem lesziink. 



A magyar nev fenyesebb lesz 
Melto regi nagy hirehez, 

'S mit ra kentek a szazadok 
Lemossuk a gyalazatot. 

A magyarok istenere eskiisziink, 

Rabok tovabb nem lesziink. 



Hoi sirjaink domboriilnak, 

Unokaink leboriilnak, 
Es aldo imadsag mellett 

Mondjak el szent neveinket. 
A magyarok istenere eskiisziink, 
Rabok tovabb nem lesziink. 

Petofi. 



POETRY. 133 

Our fathers' prayer for freedom was denied, 
Hopeless they bore the base reproach of slaves : 

For freedom lived they, and for freedom died, — 
Their memory calls for freedom from their graves. 

By the great God of Hungary we swear, 

The yoke of slaves we will no longer bear ! 

Gleams not the sword more brightly than the chain, 

A nobler ornament to deck the hand ? 
We have borne our shame — shall freedom call in vain 

To unsheath the sword, and save our fatherland ? 
By the great God of Hungary we swear, 
The yoke of slaves we will no longer bear ! 



Again shall Hungary claim her ancient fame, 
Once more arise a nation proud and free, 

Blot out her shame, and vindicate her name, 
Land of the free — the home of liberty ! 

By the great God of Hungary we swear, 

The yoke of slaves we will no longer bear ! 



Upon our graves shall dawn a brighter sun ; 

Our children rise to bless their natal earth ; 
Here shall they kneel, and, when our course is run, 

Bless the fair land that gave them a free birth. 
By the great God of Hungary we swear, 
The yoke of slaves we will no longer bear ! 

J. B. Taylor. 



18 1 POETRY. 



DALAIM. 



Eknerengek gondolkodva gyakran, 

'S nem tudom hogy mi gondolatom van: 

.Yuvpu'lok hosszaban haz&mon, 

A't a Eoldon az eg6sz vilagon. 

Dalaim, mik illyenkor teremnek, 

Holdsugari abrandos lelkemnek. 

A helyett, liogy abrandoknak elek 

Tan jobb voliia elnem a jovonek, 

'S goiidoskodnoni — eh, mert gondoskodnam ? 

Jo az Isten, majd gondot visel ram. 

Dalaim, mik illyenkor teremnek, 

Pillangoi konyelmu lelkemnek. 

Ha szep lannyal van talalkozasom 
Gondomat meg melyebb sirba asom, 
'S melyen nezek a szep lany' szemebe, 
Mint a csillag csendes to vizebe. 
Dalaim, mik illyenkor teremnek, 
Vadrozsai szerelmes lelkemnek. 

Szeret a lany ? iszom oromemben ; 
Xciu szeret? — kell inni keservemben, 
'S hoi poliar es a poharban bor van, 
Tarka jo kedv sziiletik meg ottan. 
Dalaim. mik illyenkor teremnek, 
Szivarvaiiyi mamoros lelkemnek. 

On. de mig a poh&r van kezemben, 
Nemzeteknek keze van bilincsen; 

"S a millvcii rig a pnhar CSeng6se, 

Ollyan btia a rabbilincs' csdrg£se. 



POETRY. 135 



MT SONGS. 

Ofttmie in musings am I lost, 

JNor know what thoughts possess me : 

Along my fatherland I fly, 

And cross the earth and ocean. 

The songs which in such moments bud, 
Are songs of my wild-roaming moonshine-soul. 

" Fond fantasies, heart ! reject ; 

Live thoughtful of the future, 
And pensive be." Tet wherefore thought, 

When Heavenly Bounty shields me ? 
The songs which in such moments bud, 
Are songs of my light-hovering butterfly- soul. 

Me when fair damsel deigns to meet, 
Deep as the grave my silence : 

Deep into her full eyes I gaze, 
As star on tranquil waters. 

The songs which in such moments bud, 
Are songs of my' love-captured wildflower-soul. 

If me she loves, I quaff my joy ; 

If not, my grief I swallow : 
Tet may a glass, — and in it wine, — 

Revive a mirthful spirit. 
The songs which in such moments bud, 
Are songs of my sun-rainy reeling soul. 

But whilst my hand the glass sustains, 
The people's hand is fetter'd; 

And merry as is the glass's ring, 
So clank of chains is mournful. 



L36 poutky. 

Dalaiin, mik illyenkor terexonek, 
Fellegei b&natoa Lelk^nmek. 

De nut tuV a szolgasagnak a£pe? 
.Mrrt linn krl 651, bogy lanr/.at Irtepjei 
Ajra \;ir hogy Istrn kegyelm6bo) 
Azt a rozsda ragja le kezerol? 
Dalaiin, mik illyenkor teremnek, 
V^illamlasi haragoe telkemnek. 



Peto'fi. 



KOSSUTH. 

Haromszaz evig vart rad nemzeted, 
Nem regjovel, 's tobb szazad eleted. 
A Had a nep volt, nevelod a vesz, 
Vesz karja a legjobb barati kez. 

Veres pallos fiigg almaid felett, 
De egy nemzet ki orzi eltedet. 
Szcmok, kitcl a zsarnok vere fagy 
Rakoczy egbol kitort lelkc vagy, 

llullani. 111 it a v^rtenger felvetett 
Hogy clmericsd, vagy vidd fel n^pedet. 
Mi a szabadsag ? Isten szep ege, 
"S lelked e kinyilt 6gnefe gyermeke. 

Bortonbe L&ttad elso' siigar&t 

Kabtarsul <>tt talallad a liazat. — 
's c kri rab-testver szenvedese oagy 
Sok szazadoti fajdalmak ajka ragy. 



POETRY. 137 

The songs which in such moments bud, 
Are songs of my grief-blinded cloudy soul. 

But wherefore do the enslaved endure, 

Nor snap their chain, upstarting ? 
Or wait they, till, by grace of GTod, 

The rust asunder gnaw it ? 
The songs which in such moments bud, 
Are songs of my infrenzied thunder-soul. 

F. W. Newman. 



TO KOSSUTH. 

Three hundred years for thee thy nation waited : 
Not long arrived, long ages hast thou lived. 

Thy sire the People was, thy trainer Danger, 
And Danger's arm thy best fraternal hand. 

Over thy sleep a bloody dagger hangeth, 
But o'er thy life a watching nation bends. 

Rakoczy's soul art thou, from heaven descended ; 
An eloquent voice, which freezes tyrants' veins. 

Thou art a wave, toss'd up by gory surges, 
Doom'd or to sink, or raise thy people high ; 

Who die to live in God's expanse of Freedom, 
Where walks thy soul a child of open'd heav'n. 

In prison thou a fellow-prisoner foundest 

Our Fatherland ; yet Freedom's glimpses there 

Dawn'd on you both. Ah, deep your mutual sorrow ! 
Thou art the lip of livelong ages' pangs. 



1 88 POETRY. 

Besz&j! besz&j! enemzel b6ged 6rt, 
Ad fletet, \( ; i-t, mindeD hangod£rt. 
Elore rtj Washington! ez neved 
Vidd a Bzabad vitfgba nemzeted. 

Cezedben van minden nep zaszlaja, 
rtanad megy mint arnyad a liaza. 
Tord oszsze a zsarnoksag lanczait, 
Emeld fel a nepek szent tronjait. 

Tereints egy lij kort, lij hazat nekiink ; 
Te benned lesz halhatlan nemzettink, 
Ha iesz egy nap, hoi millio szemek 
Mint egy szivbol egykonnyet ejtenek. 

Ha lesz egy sir, hoi remenyt nem leliink 
— Hisz eleted orokke kell nekiink — 
Emleked egy hazanak fenye lesz, 
Soka mondjak : Kossuthnak lelke ez. 



APOTHEOSIS. 

Nyugosznak ok, a hosfiak, 

Diilo csatak utan 
Nyugosznak ok, sirjuk felett 

ZoldeU bokor, virany. 

Zoldel] bokor, zoldell virany, 
tterl v6ro\i ontoz6, 

Gfl li-ila koiivck linlltanak 

A/. 6g barmal koz6. 



POETRY. 139 

Speak ! speak ! the nation's heart responding quivers, 
Prompt for each whisper life and blood to pay. 

New Washington be call'd, and onward marching, 
Into a free-born World thy people lead ! 

Lo ! in thy hands are all its standards trusted : 
Thee the whole country follows as thy shade. 

Break thou, asunder break, the chains of tyrants, 
And stablish high the injured Peoples' thrones ! 

A new-made land, a newly risen epoch, 

Create for us ! Immortal shall in thee 
The nation live, if ever dawns the morning, 

When from one heart our million eyes drop tears. 

But when a tomb shall rise, our hopes despoiling, 
(For in thy life our hopes and needs are blent,) 

There shall abide a monumental glory, 

Where children whisper, — " Hold ! 'tis Kossuth's shade." 

P. W. Newman. 



APOTHEOSIS. 

The din of war — the conflict o'er — 
Now rest the true and brave ; 

They sleep beneath the silent turf, 
And wild flowers deck their grave. 

The fields on which their blood has flow'd, 

In fresher verdure lie, 
And Nature sheds her grateful tears 

In dew-drops from the sky. 



POETRY. 

( 'satfijok Dem volt p&rtcsata, 

"S abramlos k op/clot, 
Molly dul alkotni \arait 

A koz romlas feletl ; 

Mely poklok niolyibol idoz 

Yiszalyok aiii^yalat, 
I logy verszinnel boritsa be 

A beke hajnalat ; 

Hogy nyomdokan langvesz, gyilok, 

Bablas pusztitsanak, 
9 S a szazad szebb remenyei 

Sirokba hulljanak. 

Csatajok a vedelmezett 

Nepjog csataja volt, 
Mollyet szent jog, es szent kotes 

Ellen, zsarnok tiport. 

Keblokben a kozerdekek 

Szerelme langola, 
Ivarjokba tiszta honfituz 

Szablyaja villoga. 

Vad konvt zsarnok parancsokat 

Lanczot nem turtenek ; 
S szabadsag, to szep cgi leny, 

Erted vorzott oiiek. 

\'t'r/citck ('•> elhulltak ok. 

De gyozedelmesen, 
Tettpk siig&ra &i ragyog 

[don eny&zeten. 



POETRY. Ill 

They fought — but not in party strife, 

Or at Ambition's call, 
To raise the palace of the proud 

Upon a nation's fall. 

Theirs was no reckless demon strife, 

Where human feelings cease, 
When fiends of war with bloody hands 

Deface the form of Peace. 

Their fight was with no ruthless aim, 

By fire and sword to trace 
The progress of their conquering march, 

And Time's best hope efface. 

They fought for liberty and right, 

Their country's sacred cause, 
To stem the oppressing tyrant's might, 

For justice and their laws. 

One common spirit their courage fired, 

Their country's common weal ; 
This spirit nerved the patriot's arm — 

This raised the patriot's zeal. 

To despot's will or tyrant rule 

They could not bow the head ; 
Liberty, fair form of heaven ! 

For thee they fought and bled. 

They bled and yielded up their souls, 

Still conquering in the fight ; 
And in all time their chivalry 

Will shine with lustre bright. 



142 POETRY. 

Dicsoseg bajviragai 
Verokbol termenek, 

'S sirjukbol nagy vilagba at 
Hirszellok lengenek. 

Marvany oszlopra tettoket, 

Orok betuivel 
A tortenet komoly szavu 

Muzsaja vesi fel. 

Mint vittanak, mint estek el 
Szabadsag harczain, 

Beszeli a vandor rege 
Utodok ajkain. 

Kiket meg kimelt a halal, 
A fern bajnokok, 

Vagyontalan foldonfutok 
Hazatlan vandorok. 

Hazajok most biistemeto, 
Nepetlen pusztasag, 

Palotak es faluk helyen 
Fu no 's fenyer virag. 

Eoppant zajongo varosok 
U'tczain halgatas, 

Sapadt nok arczan siralom, 
Banat, szivszaggatas. 

Eomok kozott erotlen agg 
Apak lezengenek, 

Kik egy jovo szebb kor felol, 
Ketsegbe estenek. 



POETRY. 143 

The flowers that spring upon their graves 

Shall brighten with their name ; 
The breeze that passes shall convey 

O'er the wide world their fame. 

And History's Muse their names shall soon 

Imperishably trace, 
In characters which time and age 

Can nevermore efface. 

Their glorious deeds for Freedom done, 

And how they fought and fell, 
In many a patriot legend sung, 

Posterity will tell. 

The few whom war and tyrants spared 

Are outcasts from their home ; 
And noble warriors, for bread, 

Now o'er the wide world roam. 

The land in desolation lies, 

A country of the tomb ; 
On sites of palaces and towns 

The lonely wild flowers bloom. 

The din of busy towns is still' d, 

Their streets are desolate ; 
The maiden's face with grief is pale, 

For suffering country's fate. 

'Midst lonely ruins of the land 

Old fathers sit forlorn, 
And for their hapless country's lot 

With hopeless sorrow mourn. 



I I 1 POETRY. 

Ti gy&szlo no'k, obzuM ap&k, 
( ty&mtalan magzatok ! 

Klga/.lott bonotok feletl 
Sfunjon Biralmatok. 

F/ porba omlott Bz6p baza 

Fel fog \ "iriilni m6g ; 
Van biro a felhok felett, 

All a villainos 6g, 

Az 6sz mindenhato tiize 

Tamad fel ellene, 
S a zsoldos szablyak ezrein 
Qyoz a kor szelleme. 

E' siri gyaszolas orom — 
1 1 angokka valtozik 

Keresztul dorgi a liazat 
Kelettol nyiigotig. 

*S hoi legtobb honfivc'r lope 
A harczi sikokat : 

A nop szabadsag ott tenyeszt 
Legszebb viragokat. 



BUCSU. 



Bajza. 



l>tt 11 vclcd. liazain, batrak hazaja 

[steo reled, te volgy ti zold hegyek ! 
Gyermek rem&iyim 's b&natim tanyaja, 

I.stcn vclcd. r\i meszsze elmegyek; 



POETRY. 145 

Ye Magyar daughters, cease to mourn ! 

Ye old men, weep no more ! 
Ye orphan' d children, dry your tears ! 

A time is still in store, 

AVhen, rousing from the dust our sons, 

The Judge who rules the skies, 
With thundering command shall bid 

Our land to freedom rise. 

The conquering powers of mind will then, 

Bursting from hated thrall, 
Our tyrants crush ; for hireling swords 

From nerveless arms shall fall. 

The tomb-like mourning will be changed 

Into the joyful song ; 
And the far frontiers of the land 

The echo still prolong. 

Upon our country's mighty plains, 

Where truest blood was shed, — 
The tears of freedom nourishing — 

The sweetest flowers are spread. 



FAKEWELL ! 

My land, farewell ! ye people brave, 
Ye verdant hills and dales of home 

Where grief and joy dear childhood gave, 
Farewell ! away far must I roam. 

L 



146 POETRY. 

Ha vissza terek boldogiilva, hon, 
Hadd lassam nepemet viranyidon. 

Nem, mint Helvetia hotakart tetoi, 
Nem nyiilnak oly magasra berczeid, 

'S tan szebbek a Provence daltelt mezoi. 
Mint zold kalaszt hullamzo tereid, 

Virag mit er, mit er a bercz nekem ? 

Hazat kivan, hazaert ver szivem. 

Az eg egy kincset ad minden hazanak, 
'S a nemzet hiven orzi birtokat ; 

Csaszarrol szol a Franczia fianak ; 
Biiszken mutatja Eoma 6 falat ; 

Hellasznak kincse egy elomlo rom ; 
Tied hazam, egy szentelt fajdalom. 

Halgatva all Rakosnak szent liatara, 
Ah ! regen halgat immar a magyar ! 

'S az osek elenyeszett nyomdokara 
Az esti szello lij fovenyt takar ; 

Halgatva all a ter, sziviink szorul 

'S egy kony beszel hazank nagysagirul. 

'S egy kony Bndarol, mely' magas tetqjen, 
Soteten all egy bus emlekezet, 

Nagy sirkove hazamnak temetqjen 
'S ra irva mind mi vele elveszett ; 

Regen szet donte az ido falat 

Koven meg latni a csatak nyomat 



POETRY. 147 

May still my people roam the plain, 
If e'er my land I see again ! 

Thy hills are not sublimely grand, 

Like snow-clad Alps that pierce the sky ; 

Thy plain is not Provencal land, 
Of flowers and joyous minstrelsy. 

But what to me are flowers or hills, 

When fatherland my bosom fills ? 

One treasure every nation claims, 

And surely keeps, with jealous eye : 
The Gaul his emperor proudly names ; 

A Roman points to ramparts high ; 
A wreck is Hellas' treasure chief; 
But thine, a consecrated grief. 

There stands the Bakos*, sacred space, 

Ah ! long the Magyar's glory's past ; 
Our fathers' footsteps leave no trace, 

The evening breeze new sand doth cast. 
In grief the heart sinks sadly, and 
A tear must tell thy grandeur, land. 

A tear must tell of Buda brave, 

On whose high towers sad memories sit, 

The tomb-stone of our nation's grave, 
A record where our past is writ. 

Long since hath time thy ramparts rent, 

And war hath scarr'd thy battlement. 

* A wide plain, a short distance from Pesth, endeared to every pa- 
triotic Magyar as the place where the Estates of the Realm met in the 
early period of Hungarian history. 



1 IS POETRY. 

'S ni6g .-ill Mohacs, m6g all! magasbra aonek, 
A/, ttj bar&zd&n 's r6gi bosokon 

Kalas/ai. erol ad a mezonek 
B&r r6g Lefolyl a Krfi v6rdzon. 

Nines ko hat&r&n nines K i i u balom, 

\)c 631 a t6r f s nem v6sz a f&jdalom. 

's lUMii veszhel el mig az eziist Dunanak 
Nagy tukoren egy honfi ezem pihen, 

s magyar lakik a partoa 's a baz&nak 
Csak egy romlatlan gyermeke Leszeii ; 

1 $ uda, — Mob acs, — Nandornal elfuto 

Tan honom konye vagy te nagy folyo? 

\S 6h rn Bzeretlek nema banatodban, 
Hazam ! s/eretlek konyeid kozott, 

Ego'n Bzeretlek ozregy fatyolodban 
Nehez kererved melybe oltozott; 

l>,ijli)ii mosolygsz mert bar sorsod kemeny, 

El m6g a sir felett is egy remeny. 

Es most [sten wled, talan sokara 
Orokre t;iu. hazam Isten veled! 

R6g eltiinl ismert berczeid k6k hat&ra 
'S tovabb sict windorlo gyermeked. 

I la \ issza fcerei boldogulva, Hon, 
Sadd lassain nrpcinct viranvidon. 

P>. Botvos Josef. 



POETKY. 149 



And there Mohaca unchanged, save 

That golden corn waves o'er the field 
Once wet by life-blood from the brave, 

Giving the soil new strength to yield. 
No monument, no Kunish* heap, 
But still the soil, and sorrow deep. 

That grief will perish not, while one 

Fond eye may gaze on Duna'sf tide, 
And whilst an uncorrupted son 

Doth in his fatherland abide. 
By Pesth, ~\Iohacs, and Nandor near, 
Art not, great stream, my country's tear J ? 

My land, I love thy weeping mood, 

I dearly love thee in thy tears ; 
Though garb of lonely widowhood 

So sadly hath veil'd thee for years ; 
Thy smiles are witching ; — spite of doom 
Sweet hope will hover o'er the tomb. 

And now, my land, once more adieu ! 

It may be long, perhaps for aye ; 
The hills now fade in ether blue ; 

Thy wandering son must haste away. 
May still my people roam the plain, 
If e'er my land I see again ! 

W. J. 

* The Kuns were an eastern tribe, who entered Hungary later than 
the M tell m immense numbers in the Hungarian wars, 

and many mounds on the plain marked the places of their sepulchre. 

t The Hungarian name of the Danube. 

ief battle-grounda in the Turkish wars of Hungary. 



/' 



I 



K i<z- 






pbinted by 

job3 kdward taylor, little qui n btsbbt, 

Lincoln's inn fields. 






i 



